2025
Fernandes, Daniela; Villa, Steeven; Nicholls, Salla; Haavisto, Otso; Buschek, Daniel; Schmidt, Albrecht; Kosch, Thomas; Shen, Chenxinran; Welsch, Robin
Performance and Metacognition Disconnect when Reasoning in Human-AI Interaction Miscellaneous
2025.
@misc{fernandes2025performancemetacognitiondisconnectreasoning,
title = {Performance and Metacognition Disconnect when Reasoning in Human-AI Interaction},
author = {Daniela Fernandes and Steeven Villa and Salla Nicholls and Otso Haavisto and Daniel Buschek and Albrecht Schmidt and Thomas Kosch and Chenxinran Shen and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.16708},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
Limbago, Josephus Jasper; Welsch, Robin; Müller, Florian; Francesco, Mario Di
Don't They Really Hear Us? A Design Space for Private Conversations in Social Virtual Reality Journal Article
In: IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 3056-3066, 2025.
@article{10919217,
title = {Don't They Really Hear Us? A Design Space for Private Conversations in Social Virtual Reality},
author = {Josephus Jasper Limbago and Robin Welsch and Florian Müller and Mario Di Francesco},
doi = {10.1109/TVCG.2025.3549844},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
volume = {31},
number = {5},
pages = {3056-3066},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Villa, Steeven; Krammer, Finn Jacob Eliyah; Weiss, Yannick; Welsch, Robin; Kosch, Thomas
Understanding the Influence of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Motor Learning: Enhancing Motor Learning or Disrupting Natural Progression? Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2025, ISBN: 9798400713941.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3706598.3714183,
title = {Understanding the Influence of Electrical Muscle Stimulation on Motor Learning: Enhancing Motor Learning or Disrupting Natural Progression?},
author = {Steeven Villa and Finn Jacob Eliyah Krammer and Yannick Weiss and Robin Welsch and Thomas Kosch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3714183},
doi = {10.1145/3706598.3714183},
isbn = {9798400713941},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {CHI '25},
abstract = {Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) induces muscle movement through external currents, offering a novel approach to motor learning. Researchers investigated using EMS as an alternative to conventional non-movement-inducing feedback techniques, such as vibrotactile and electrotactile feedback. While EMS shows promise in areas such as dance, sports, and motor skill acquisition, neurophysiological models of motor learning conflict about the impact of externally induced movements on sensorimotor representations. This study evaluated EMS against electrotactile feedback and a control condition in a two-session experiment assessing fast learning, consolidation, and learning transfer. Our results suggest an overall positive impact of EMS in motor learning. Although traditional electrotactile feedback had a higher learning rate, EMS increased the learning plateau, as measured by a three-factor exponential decay model. This study provides empirical evidence supporting EMS as a plausible method for motor augmentation and skill transfer, contributing to understanding its role in motor learning.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS) induces muscle movement through external currents, offering a novel approach to motor learning. Researchers investigated using EMS as an alternative to conventional non-movement-inducing feedback techniques, such as vibrotactile and electrotactile feedback. While EMS shows promise in areas such as dance, sports, and motor skill acquisition, neurophysiological models of motor learning conflict about the impact of externally induced movements on sensorimotor representations. This study evaluated EMS against electrotactile feedback and a control condition in a two-session experiment assessing fast learning, consolidation, and learning transfer. Our results suggest an overall positive impact of EMS in motor learning. Although traditional electrotactile feedback had a higher learning rate, EMS increased the learning plateau, as measured by a three-factor exponential decay model. This study provides empirical evidence supporting EMS as a plausible method for motor augmentation and skill transfer, contributing to understanding its role in motor learning.
Meinhardt-Injac, Bozana; Boutet, Isabelle; Chaby, Laurence; Castell, Christoph; Welsch, Robin
Regulation of interpersonal distance in virtual reality: Implications for socio-emotional functioning in late adulthood Journal Article
In: PLOS ONE, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 1-13, 2025.
@article{10.1371/journal.pone.0323182,
title = {Regulation of interpersonal distance in virtual reality: Implications for socio-emotional functioning in late adulthood},
author = {Bozana Meinhardt-Injac and Isabelle Boutet and Laurence Chaby and Christoph Castell and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323182},
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0323182},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {PLOS ONE},
volume = {20},
number = {5},
pages = {1-13},
publisher = {Public Library of Science},
abstract = {Objective Accurately interpreting emotional states from facial expressions is crucial for effective social interactions. This study investigates age-related differences in interpersonal distance (IPD) regulation and emotion recognition using a virtual reality (VR) environment. We examined how younger and older adults adjust their IPD in response to emotional expressions from virtual agents. Methods Eighty participants, divided into older adults (OA) and younger adults (YA), took part in the study. Participants were immersed in a VR setup where they engaged in social interactions with happy or angry looking virtual agents. This behavioral task was complemented by a standardized emotion recognition task (ERT). Results Results showed that both YA and OA preferred larger distances from angry-looking virtual agents compared to happy ones. No significant differences in IPD were found between the age groups. However, older adults were less accurate in recognizing facial expressions. Conclusion These findings suggest that older adults can effectively regulate their social distance despite potential challenges in emotion recognition. The study underscores the importance of considering cognitive, perceptual, and motivational factors when examining the dynamics of emotional recognition and interpersonal distance in social contexts.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Objective Accurately interpreting emotional states from facial expressions is crucial for effective social interactions. This study investigates age-related differences in interpersonal distance (IPD) regulation and emotion recognition using a virtual reality (VR) environment. We examined how younger and older adults adjust their IPD in response to emotional expressions from virtual agents. Methods Eighty participants, divided into older adults (OA) and younger adults (YA), took part in the study. Participants were immersed in a VR setup where they engaged in social interactions with happy or angry looking virtual agents. This behavioral task was complemented by a standardized emotion recognition task (ERT). Results Results showed that both YA and OA preferred larger distances from angry-looking virtual agents compared to happy ones. No significant differences in IPD were found between the age groups. However, older adults were less accurate in recognizing facial expressions. Conclusion These findings suggest that older adults can effectively regulate their social distance despite potential challenges in emotion recognition. The study underscores the importance of considering cognitive, perceptual, and motivational factors when examining the dynamics of emotional recognition and interpersonal distance in social contexts.
Welsch, Robin; Kemmer, Thomas; Teschner, David; Schmidt, Albrecht; Hildebrandt, Andreas; Rettenberger, Martin
The dynamics of criminal contagion: a text-mining analysis of offense reports Journal Article
In: Psychology, Crime & Law, 2025, (Advance online publication).
@article{welsch2025dynamics,
title = {The dynamics of criminal contagion: a text-mining analysis of offense reports},
author = {Robin Welsch and Thomas Kemmer and David Teschner and Albrecht Schmidt and Andreas Hildebrandt and Martin Rettenberger},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2025.2502497},
doi = {10.1080/1068316X.2025.2502497},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-01-01},
journal = {Psychology, Crime & Law},
note = {Advance online publication},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
2024
Haliburton, Luke; Leusmann, Jan; Welsch, Robin; Ghebremedhin, Sinksar; Isaakidis, Petros; Schmidt, Albrecht; Mayer, Sven
Uncovering labeler bias in machine learning annotation tasks Journal Article
In: AI and Ethics, 2024, ISSN: 2730-5961.
@article{haliburton_uncovering_2024,
title = {Uncovering labeler bias in machine learning annotation tasks},
author = {Luke Haliburton and Jan Leusmann and Robin Welsch and Sinksar Ghebremedhin and Petros Isaakidis and Albrecht Schmidt and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00572-w},
doi = {10.1007/s43681-024-00572-w},
issn = {2730-5961},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-01},
journal = {AI and Ethics},
abstract = {As artificial intelligence becomes increasingly pervasive, it is essential that we understand the implications of bias in machine learning. Many developers rely on crowd workers to generate and annotate datasets for machine learning applications. However, this step risks embedding training data with labeler bias, leading to biased decision-making in systems trained on these datasets. To characterize labeler bias, we created a face dataset and conducted two studies where labelers of different ethnicity and sex completed annotation tasks. In the first study, labelers annotated subjective characteristics of faces. In the second, they annotated images using bounding boxes. Our results demonstrate that labeler demographics significantly impact both subjective and accuracy-based annotations, indicating that collecting a diverse set of labelers may not be enough to solve the problem. We discuss the consequences of these findings for current machine learning practices to create fair and unbiased systems.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
As artificial intelligence becomes increasingly pervasive, it is essential that we understand the implications of bias in machine learning. Many developers rely on crowd workers to generate and annotate datasets for machine learning applications. However, this step risks embedding training data with labeler bias, leading to biased decision-making in systems trained on these datasets. To characterize labeler bias, we created a face dataset and conducted two studies where labelers of different ethnicity and sex completed annotation tasks. In the first study, labelers annotated subjective characteristics of faces. In the second, they annotated images using bounding boxes. Our results demonstrate that labeler demographics significantly impact both subjective and accuracy-based annotations, indicating that collecting a diverse set of labelers may not be enough to solve the problem. We discuss the consequences of these findings for current machine learning practices to create fair and unbiased systems.
Chiossi, Francesco; Gruenefeld, Uwe; Hou, Baosheng James; Newn, Joshua; Ou, Changkun; Liao, Rulu; Welsch, Robin; Mayer, Sven
Understanding the Impact of the Reality-Virtuality Continuum on Visual Search Using Fixation-Related Potentials and Eye Tracking Features Journal Article
In: Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., vol. 8, no. MHCI, 2024.
@article{10.1145/3676528,
title = {Understanding the Impact of the Reality-Virtuality Continuum on Visual Search Using Fixation-Related Potentials and Eye Tracking Features},
author = {Francesco Chiossi and Uwe Gruenefeld and Baosheng James Hou and Joshua Newn and Changkun Ou and Rulu Liao and Robin Welsch and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3676528},
doi = {10.1145/3676528},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-09-01},
journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
volume = {8},
number = {MHCI},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
abstract = {While Mixed Reality allows the seamless blending of digital content in users' surroundings, it is unclear if its fusion with physical information impacts users' perceptual and cognitive resources differently. While the fusion of digital and physical objects provides numerous opportunities to present additional information, it also introduces undesirable side effects, such as split attention and increased visual complexity. We conducted a visual search study in three manifestations of mixed reality (Augmented Reality, Augmented Virtuality, Virtual Reality) to understand the effects of the environment on visual search behavior. We conducted a multimodal evaluation measuring Fixation-Related Potentials (FRPs), alongside eye tracking to assess search efficiency, attention allocation, and behavioral measures. Our findings indicate distinct patterns in FRPs and eye-tracking data that reflect varying cognitive demands across environments. Specifically, AR environments were associated with increased workload, as indicated by decreased FRP - P3 amplitudes and more scattered eye movement patterns, impairing users' ability to identify target information efficiently. Participants reported AR as the most demanding and distracting environment. These insights inform design implications for MR adaptive systems, emphasizing the need for interfaces that dynamically respond to user cognitive load based on physiological inputs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While Mixed Reality allows the seamless blending of digital content in users' surroundings, it is unclear if its fusion with physical information impacts users' perceptual and cognitive resources differently. While the fusion of digital and physical objects provides numerous opportunities to present additional information, it also introduces undesirable side effects, such as split attention and increased visual complexity. We conducted a visual search study in three manifestations of mixed reality (Augmented Reality, Augmented Virtuality, Virtual Reality) to understand the effects of the environment on visual search behavior. We conducted a multimodal evaluation measuring Fixation-Related Potentials (FRPs), alongside eye tracking to assess search efficiency, attention allocation, and behavioral measures. Our findings indicate distinct patterns in FRPs and eye-tracking data that reflect varying cognitive demands across environments. Specifically, AR environments were associated with increased workload, as indicated by decreased FRP - P3 amplitudes and more scattered eye movement patterns, impairing users' ability to identify target information efficiently. Participants reported AR as the most demanding and distracting environment. These insights inform design implications for MR adaptive systems, emphasizing the need for interfaces that dynamically respond to user cognitive load based on physiological inputs.
Draxler, Fiona; Werner, Anna; Lehmann, Florian; Hoppe, Matthias; Schmidt, Albrecht; Buschek, Daniel; Welsch, Robin
The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users do not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text but Self-Declare as Authors Journal Article
In: ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact., vol. 31, no. 2, 2024, ISSN: 1073-0516.
@article{10.1145/3637875,
title = {The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users do not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text but Self-Declare as Authors},
author = {Fiona Draxler and Anna Werner and Florian Lehmann and Matthias Hoppe and Albrecht Schmidt and Daniel Buschek and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3637875},
doi = {10.1145/3637875},
issn = {1073-0516},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-02-01},
journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.},
volume = {31},
number = {2},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
abstract = {Human-AI interaction in text production increases complexity in authorship. In two empirical studies (n1 = 30 & n2 = 96), we investigate authorship and ownership in human-AI collaboration for personalized language generation. We show an AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users do not consider themselves the owners and authors of AI-generated text but refrain from publicly declaring AI authorship. Personalization of AI-generated texts did not impact the AI Ghostwriter Effect, and higher levels of participants’ influence on texts increased their sense of ownership. Participants were more likely to attribute ownership to supposedly human ghostwriters than AI ghostwriters, resulting in a higher ownership-authorship discrepancy for human ghostwriters. Rationalizations for authorship in AI ghostwriters and human ghostwriters were similar. We discuss how our findings relate to psychological ownership and human-AI interaction to lay the foundations for adapting authorship frameworks and user interfaces in AI in text-generation tasks.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Human-AI interaction in text production increases complexity in authorship. In two empirical studies (n1 = 30 & n2 = 96), we investigate authorship and ownership in human-AI collaboration for personalized language generation. We show an AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users do not consider themselves the owners and authors of AI-generated text but refrain from publicly declaring AI authorship. Personalization of AI-generated texts did not impact the AI Ghostwriter Effect, and higher levels of participants’ influence on texts increased their sense of ownership. Participants were more likely to attribute ownership to supposedly human ghostwriters than AI ghostwriters, resulting in a higher ownership-authorship discrepancy for human ghostwriters. Rationalizations for authorship in AI ghostwriters and human ghostwriters were similar. We discuss how our findings relate to psychological ownership and human-AI interaction to lay the foundations for adapting authorship frameworks and user interfaces in AI in text-generation tasks.
Schmidt, Albrecht; Elagroudy, Passant; Draxler, Fiona; Kreuter, Frauke; Welsch, Robin
Simulating the Human in HCD with ChatGPT: Redesigning Interaction Design with AI Journal Article
In: Interactions, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 24–31, 2024, ISSN: 1072-5520.
@article{schmidt_simulating_2024,
title = {Simulating the Human in HCD with ChatGPT: Redesigning Interaction Design with AI},
author = {Albrecht Schmidt and Passant Elagroudy and Fiona Draxler and Frauke Kreuter and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3637436},
doi = {10.1145/3637436},
issn = {1072-5520},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
urldate = {2024-04-24},
journal = {Interactions},
volume = {31},
number = {1},
pages = {24–31},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Bosch, Esther; Welsch, Robin; Ayach, Tamim; Katins, Christopher; Kosch, Thomas
The Illusion of Performance: The Effect of Phantom Display Refresh Rates on User Expectations and Reaction Times Proceedings Article
In: Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, <conf-loc> <city>Honolulu</city> <state>HI</state> <country>USA</country> </conf-loc>, 2024, ISBN: 9798400703317.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3613905.3650875,
title = {The Illusion of Performance: The Effect of Phantom Display Refresh Rates on User Expectations and Reaction Times},
author = {Esther Bosch and Robin Welsch and Tamim Ayach and Christopher Katins and Thomas Kosch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650875},
doi = {10.1145/3613905.3650875},
isbn = {9798400703317},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {<conf-loc>
<city>Honolulu</city>
<state>HI</state>
<country>USA</country>
</conf-loc>},
series = {CHI EA '24},
abstract = {User expectations impact the evaluation of new interactive systems. Increased expectations may enhance the perceived effectiveness of interfaces in user studies, similar to a placebo effect observed in medical studies. To showcase the placebo effect, we conducted a user study with 18 participants who performed a target selection reaction time test with two different display refresh rates. Participants saw a stated screen refresh rate before every condition, which corresponded to the true refresh rate only in half of the conditions and was lower or higher in the other half. Results revealed successful priming, as participants believed in superior or inferior performance based on the narrative despite using the opposite refresh rate. Post-experiment questionnaires confirmed participants still held onto the initial narrative. Interestingly, the objective performance remained unchanged between both refresh rates. We discuss how study narratives influence subjective measures and suggest strategies to mitigate placebo effects in user-centered study designs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
User expectations impact the evaluation of new interactive systems. Increased expectations may enhance the perceived effectiveness of interfaces in user studies, similar to a placebo effect observed in medical studies. To showcase the placebo effect, we conducted a user study with 18 participants who performed a target selection reaction time test with two different display refresh rates. Participants saw a stated screen refresh rate before every condition, which corresponded to the true refresh rate only in half of the conditions and was lower or higher in the other half. Results revealed successful priming, as participants believed in superior or inferior performance based on the narrative despite using the opposite refresh rate. Post-experiment questionnaires confirmed participants still held onto the initial narrative. Interestingly, the objective performance remained unchanged between both refresh rates. We discuss how study narratives influence subjective measures and suggest strategies to mitigate placebo effects in user-centered study designs.
Bosch, Esther; Welsch, Robin; Ayach, Tamim; Katins, Christopher; Kosch, Thomas
The Illusion of Performance: The Effect of Phantom Display Refresh Rates on User Expectations and Reaction Times Proceedings Article
In: Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, <conf-loc> <city>Honolulu</city> <state>HI</state> <country>USA</country> </conf-loc>, 2024, ISBN: 9798400703317.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3613905.3650875b,
title = {The Illusion of Performance: The Effect of Phantom Display Refresh Rates on User Expectations and Reaction Times},
author = {Esther Bosch and Robin Welsch and Tamim Ayach and Christopher Katins and Thomas Kosch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650875},
doi = {10.1145/3613905.3650875},
isbn = {9798400703317},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {<conf-loc>
<city>Honolulu</city>
<state>HI</state>
<country>USA</country>
</conf-loc>},
series = {CHI EA '24},
abstract = {User expectations impact the evaluation of new interactive systems. Increased expectations may enhance the perceived effectiveness of interfaces in user studies, similar to a placebo effect observed in medical studies. To showcase the placebo effect, we conducted a user study with 18 participants who performed a target selection reaction time test with two different display refresh rates. Participants saw a stated screen refresh rate before every condition, which corresponded to the true refresh rate only in half of the conditions and was lower or higher in the other half. Results revealed successful priming, as participants believed in superior or inferior performance based on the narrative despite using the opposite refresh rate. Post-experiment questionnaires confirmed participants still held onto the initial narrative. Interestingly, the objective performance remained unchanged between both refresh rates. We discuss how study narratives influence subjective measures and suggest strategies to mitigate placebo effects in user-centered study designs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
User expectations impact the evaluation of new interactive systems. Increased expectations may enhance the perceived effectiveness of interfaces in user studies, similar to a placebo effect observed in medical studies. To showcase the placebo effect, we conducted a user study with 18 participants who performed a target selection reaction time test with two different display refresh rates. Participants saw a stated screen refresh rate before every condition, which corresponded to the true refresh rate only in half of the conditions and was lower or higher in the other half. Results revealed successful priming, as participants believed in superior or inferior performance based on the narrative despite using the opposite refresh rate. Post-experiment questionnaires confirmed participants still held onto the initial narrative. Interestingly, the objective performance remained unchanged between both refresh rates. We discuss how study narratives influence subjective measures and suggest strategies to mitigate placebo effects in user-centered study designs.
Bosch, Esther; Welsch, Robin; Ayach, Tamim; Katins, Christopher; Kosch, Thomas
The Illusion of Performance: The Effect of Phantom Display Refresh Rates on User Expectations and Reaction Times Proceedings Article
In: Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, <conf-loc> <city>Honolulu</city> <state>HI</state> <country>USA</country> </conf-loc>, 2024, ISBN: 9798400703317.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3613905.3650875c,
title = {The Illusion of Performance: The Effect of Phantom Display Refresh Rates on User Expectations and Reaction Times},
author = {Esther Bosch and Robin Welsch and Tamim Ayach and Christopher Katins and Thomas Kosch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3650875},
doi = {10.1145/3613905.3650875},
isbn = {9798400703317},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {<conf-loc>
<city>Honolulu</city>
<state>HI</state>
<country>USA</country>
</conf-loc>},
series = {CHI EA '24},
abstract = {User expectations impact the evaluation of new interactive systems. Increased expectations may enhance the perceived effectiveness of interfaces in user studies, similar to a placebo effect observed in medical studies. To showcase the placebo effect, we conducted a user study with 18 participants who performed a target selection reaction time test with two different display refresh rates. Participants saw a stated screen refresh rate before every condition, which corresponded to the true refresh rate only in half of the conditions and was lower or higher in the other half. Results revealed successful priming, as participants believed in superior or inferior performance based on the narrative despite using the opposite refresh rate. Post-experiment questionnaires confirmed participants still held onto the initial narrative. Interestingly, the objective performance remained unchanged between both refresh rates. We discuss how study narratives influence subjective measures and suggest strategies to mitigate placebo effects in user-centered study designs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
User expectations impact the evaluation of new interactive systems. Increased expectations may enhance the perceived effectiveness of interfaces in user studies, similar to a placebo effect observed in medical studies. To showcase the placebo effect, we conducted a user study with 18 participants who performed a target selection reaction time test with two different display refresh rates. Participants saw a stated screen refresh rate before every condition, which corresponded to the true refresh rate only in half of the conditions and was lower or higher in the other half. Results revealed successful priming, as participants believed in superior or inferior performance based on the narrative despite using the opposite refresh rate. Post-experiment questionnaires confirmed participants still held onto the initial narrative. Interestingly, the objective performance remained unchanged between both refresh rates. We discuss how study narratives influence subjective measures and suggest strategies to mitigate placebo effects in user-centered study designs.
Kloft, Agnes Mercedes; Welsch, Robin; Kosch, Thomas; Villa, Steeven
"AI enhances our performance, I have no doubt this one will do the same": The Placebo effect is robust to negative descriptions of AI Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, <conf-loc>, <city>Honolulu</city>, <state>HI</state>, <country>USA</country>, </conf-loc>, 2024, ISBN: 9798400703300.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3613904.3642633,
title = {"AI enhances our performance, I have no doubt this one will do the same": The Placebo effect is robust to negative descriptions of AI},
author = {Agnes Mercedes Kloft and Robin Welsch and Thomas Kosch and Steeven Villa},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642633},
doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642633},
isbn = {9798400703300},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {<conf-loc>, <city>Honolulu</city>, <state>HI</state>, <country>USA</country>, </conf-loc>},
series = {CHI '24},
abstract = {Heightened AI expectations facilitate performance in human-AI interactions through placebo effects. While lowering expectations to control for placebo effects is advisable, overly negative expectations could induce nocebo effects. In a letter discrimination task, we informed participants that an AI would either increase or decrease their performance by adapting the interface, when in reality, no AI was present in any condition. A Bayesian analysis showed that participants had high expectations and performed descriptively better irrespective of the AI description when a sham-AI was present. Using cognitive modeling, we could trace this advantage back to participants gathering more information. A replication study verified that negative AI descriptions do not alter expectations, suggesting that performance expectations with AI are biased and robust to negative verbal descriptions. We discuss the impact of user expectations on AI interactions and evaluation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Heightened AI expectations facilitate performance in human-AI interactions through placebo effects. While lowering expectations to control for placebo effects is advisable, overly negative expectations could induce nocebo effects. In a letter discrimination task, we informed participants that an AI would either increase or decrease their performance by adapting the interface, when in reality, no AI was present in any condition. A Bayesian analysis showed that participants had high expectations and performed descriptively better irrespective of the AI description when a sham-AI was present. Using cognitive modeling, we could trace this advantage back to participants gathering more information. A replication study verified that negative AI descriptions do not alter expectations, suggesting that performance expectations with AI are biased and robust to negative verbal descriptions. We discuss the impact of user expectations on AI interactions and evaluation.
Mello, Beatriz; Welsch, Robin; Verbokkem, Marissa Christien; Knierim, Pascal; Dechant, Martin Johannes
Navigating the Virtual Gaze: Social Anxiety's Role in VR Proxemics Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, <conf-loc>, <city>Honolulu</city>, <state>HI</state>, <country>USA</country>, </conf-loc>, 2024, ISBN: 9798400703300.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3613904.3642359,
title = {Navigating the Virtual Gaze: Social Anxiety's Role in VR Proxemics},
author = {Beatriz Mello and Robin Welsch and Marissa Christien Verbokkem and Pascal Knierim and Martin Johannes Dechant},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642359},
doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642359},
isbn = {9798400703300},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {<conf-loc>, <city>Honolulu</city>, <state>HI</state>, <country>USA</country>, </conf-loc>},
series = {CHI '24},
abstract = {For individuals with Social Anxiety (SA), interacting with others can be a challenging experience, a concern that extends into the virtual world. While technology has made significant strides in creating more realistic virtual human agents (VHA), the interplay of gaze and interpersonal distance when interacting with VHAs is often neglected. This paper investigates the effect of dynamic and static Gaze animations in VHAs on interpersonal distance and their relation to SA. A Bayesian analysis shows that static centered and dynamic centering gaze led participants to stand closer to VHAs than static averted and dynamic averting gaze, respectively. In the static gaze conditions, this pattern was found to be reversed in SA: participants with higher SA kept larger distances for static-centered gaze than for averted gaze VHAs. These findings update theory, elucidate how nuanced interactions with VHAs must be designed, and offer renewed guidelines for pleasant VHA interaction design.},
keywords = {},
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For individuals with Social Anxiety (SA), interacting with others can be a challenging experience, a concern that extends into the virtual world. While technology has made significant strides in creating more realistic virtual human agents (VHA), the interplay of gaze and interpersonal distance when interacting with VHAs is often neglected. This paper investigates the effect of dynamic and static Gaze animations in VHAs on interpersonal distance and their relation to SA. A Bayesian analysis shows that static centered and dynamic centering gaze led participants to stand closer to VHAs than static averted and dynamic averting gaze, respectively. In the static gaze conditions, this pattern was found to be reversed in SA: participants with higher SA kept larger distances for static-centered gaze than for averted gaze VHAs. These findings update theory, elucidate how nuanced interactions with VHAs must be designed, and offer renewed guidelines for pleasant VHA interaction design.
Babel, Franziska; Welsch, Robin; Miller, Linda; Hock, Philipp; Thellman, Sam; Ziemke, Tom
A Robot Jumping the Queue: Expectations About Politeness and Power During Conflicts in Everyday Human-Robot Encounters Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Association for Computing Machinery, <conf-loc>, <city>Honolulu</city>, <state>HI</state>, <country>USA</country>, </conf-loc>, 2024, ISBN: 9798400703300.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3613904.3642082,
title = {A Robot Jumping the Queue: Expectations About Politeness and Power During Conflicts in Everyday Human-Robot Encounters},
author = {Franziska Babel and Robin Welsch and Linda Miller and Philipp Hock and Sam Thellman and Tom Ziemke},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642082},
doi = {10.1145/3613904.3642082},
isbn = {9798400703300},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {<conf-loc>, <city>Honolulu</city>, <state>HI</state>, <country>USA</country>, </conf-loc>},
series = {CHI '24},
abstract = {Increasing encounters between people and autonomous service robots may lead to conflicts due to mismatches between human expectations and robot behaviour. This interactive online study (N = 335) investigated human-robot interactions at an elevator, focusing on the effect of communication and behavioural expectations on participants’ acceptance and compliance. Participants evaluated a humanoid delivery robot primed as either submissive or assertive. The robot either matched or violated these expectations by using a command or appeal to ask for priority and then entering either first or waiting for the next ride. The results highlight that robots are less accepted if they violate expectations by entering first or using a command. Interactions were more effective if participants expected an assertive robot which then asked politely for priority and entered first. The findings emphasize the importance of power expectations in human-robot conflicts for the robot’s evaluation and effectiveness in everyday situations.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Increasing encounters between people and autonomous service robots may lead to conflicts due to mismatches between human expectations and robot behaviour. This interactive online study (N = 335) investigated human-robot interactions at an elevator, focusing on the effect of communication and behavioural expectations on participants’ acceptance and compliance. Participants evaluated a humanoid delivery robot primed as either submissive or assertive. The robot either matched or violated these expectations by using a command or appeal to ask for priority and then entering either first or waiting for the next ride. The results highlight that robots are less accepted if they violate expectations by entering first or using a command. Interactions were more effective if participants expected an assertive robot which then asked politely for priority and entered first. The findings emphasize the importance of power expectations in human-robot conflicts for the robot’s evaluation and effectiveness in everyday situations.
Haliburton, Luke; Ghebremedhin, Sinksar; Welsch, Robin; Schmidt, Albrecht; Mayer, Sven
Investigating labeler bias in face annotation for machine learning Book Section
In: HHAI 2024: Hybrid Human AI Systems for the Social Good, pp. 145–161, IOS Press, 2024.
@incollection{haliburton2024investigating,
title = {Investigating labeler bias in face annotation for machine learning},
author = {Luke Haliburton and Sinksar Ghebremedhin and Robin Welsch and Albrecht Schmidt and Sven Mayer},
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date = {2024-01-01},
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publisher = {IOS Press},
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pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
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He, Chen; Welsch, Robin; Jacucci, Giulio
A Pilot Study Comparing ChatGPT and Google Search in Supporting Visualization Insight Discovery Proceedings Article
In: Workshops at the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, CEUR 2024.
@inproceedings{he2024pilot,
title = {A Pilot Study Comparing ChatGPT and Google Search in Supporting Visualization Insight Discovery},
author = {Chen He and Robin Welsch and Giulio Jacucci},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Workshops at the International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces},
organization = {CEUR},
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Villa, Steeven; Welsch, Robin; Denisova, Alena; Kosch, Thomas
Evaluating Interactive AI: Understanding and Controlling Placebo Effects in Human-AI Interaction Proceedings Article
In: Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–4, 2024.
@inproceedings{villa2024evaluating,
title = {Evaluating Interactive AI: Understanding and Controlling Placebo Effects in Human-AI Interaction},
author = {Steeven Villa and Robin Welsch and Alena Denisova and Thomas Kosch},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
pages = {1–4},
keywords = {},
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Wögerbauer, Elisabeth Maria; von Castell, Christoph; Welsch, Robin; Hecht, Heiko
Preferred Distance in Human–Drone Interaction Journal Article
In: Vision, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 59, 2024.
@article{wogerbauer2024preferred,
title = {Preferred Distance in Human–Drone Interaction},
author = {Elisabeth Maria Wögerbauer and Christoph von Castell and Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-01-01},
journal = {Vision},
volume = {8},
number = {4},
pages = {59},
publisher = {MDPI},
keywords = {},
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tppubtype = {article}
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2023
Li, Jingyi; Park, Hyerim; Welsch, Robin; Mayer, Sven; Butz, Andreas
SeatmateVR: Proxemic Cues for Close Bystander-Awareness in Virtual Reality Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 7, no. ISS, pp. 438:266–438:285, 2023.
@article{li_seatmatevr_2023,
title = {SeatmateVR: Proxemic Cues for Close Bystander-Awareness in Virtual Reality},
author = {Jingyi Li and Hyerim Park and Robin Welsch and Sven Mayer and Andreas Butz},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626474},
doi = {10.1145/3626474},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-11-01},
urldate = {2023-11-03},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
volume = {7},
number = {ISS},
pages = {438:266–438:285},
abstract = {Prior research explored ways to alert virtual reality users of bystanders entering the play area from afar. However, in confined social settings like sharing a couch with seatmates, bystanders' proxemic cues, such as distance, are limited during interruptions, posing challenges for proxemic-aware systems. To address this, we investigated three visualizations, using a 2D animoji, a fully-rendered avatar, and their combination, to gradually share bystanders' orientation and location during interruptions. In a user study (N=22), participants played virtual reality games while responding to questions from their seatmates. We found that the avatar preserved game experiences yet did not support the fast identification of seatmates as the animoji did. Instead, users preferred the mixed visualization, where they found the seatmate's orientation cues instantly in their view and were gradually guided to the person's actual location. We discuss implications for fine-grained proxemic-aware virtual reality systems to support interaction in constrained social spaces.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Prior research explored ways to alert virtual reality users of bystanders entering the play area from afar. However, in confined social settings like sharing a couch with seatmates, bystanders' proxemic cues, such as distance, are limited during interruptions, posing challenges for proxemic-aware systems. To address this, we investigated three visualizations, using a 2D animoji, a fully-rendered avatar, and their combination, to gradually share bystanders' orientation and location during interruptions. In a user study (N=22), participants played virtual reality games while responding to questions from their seatmates. We found that the avatar preserved game experiences yet did not support the fast identification of seatmates as the animoji did. Instead, users preferred the mixed visualization, where they found the seatmate's orientation cues instantly in their view and were gradually guided to the person's actual location. We discuss implications for fine-grained proxemic-aware virtual reality systems to support interaction in constrained social spaces.
Kontio, Reetu; Laattala, Markus; Welsch, Robin; Hämäläinen, Perttu
“I Feel My Abs”: Exploring Non-Standing VR Locomotion Journal Article
In: Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact., vol. 7, no. CHI PLAY, 2023, (Place: New York, NY, USA Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery).
@article{kontio_i_2023,
title = {“I Feel My Abs”: Exploring Non-Standing VR Locomotion},
author = {Reetu Kontio and Markus Laattala and Robin Welsch and Perttu Hämäläinen},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611069},
doi = {10.1145/3611069},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-10-01},
journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},
volume = {7},
number = {CHI PLAY},
abstract = {Virtual Reality (VR) games and experiences predominantly have the users interact while standing or seated. However, this only represents a fraction of the full diversity of human movement. In this paper, we explore a novel non-standing approach to VR locomotion where the user performs locomotion movements in the air or only slightly touching the ground with their feet. For instance, the user may lie supine on the ground, reminiscent of the Bicycle Crunch, a core training movement common in Pilates and other forms of bodyweight exercise. Although this cannot generally replace traditional VR locomotion, it provides two benefits that we believe can be of use for specific application domains such as VR exergames: First, the user's lower body movement is not impeded by a small real-life space, allowing versatile navigation of large virtual worlds using walking, running, strafing, and jumping. Second, we allow new ways to activate parts of the body that remain passive in most existing VR interactions. We describe and discuss four different variants of the approach, and investigate two prototypes further in a qualitative user study, to better understand their strengths, weaknesses, and application potential.},
note = {Place: New York, NY, USA
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Virtual Reality (VR) games and experiences predominantly have the users interact while standing or seated. However, this only represents a fraction of the full diversity of human movement. In this paper, we explore a novel non-standing approach to VR locomotion where the user performs locomotion movements in the air or only slightly touching the ground with their feet. For instance, the user may lie supine on the ground, reminiscent of the Bicycle Crunch, a core training movement common in Pilates and other forms of bodyweight exercise. Although this cannot generally replace traditional VR locomotion, it provides two benefits that we believe can be of use for specific application domains such as VR exergames: First, the user's lower body movement is not impeded by a small real-life space, allowing versatile navigation of large virtual worlds using walking, running, strafing, and jumping. Second, we allow new ways to activate parts of the body that remain passive in most existing VR interactions. We describe and discuss four different variants of the approach, and investigate two prototypes further in a qualitative user study, to better understand their strengths, weaknesses, and application potential.
Chiossi, Francesco; Turgut, Yagiz; Welsch, Robin; Mayer, Sven
Adapting Visual Complexity Based on Electrodermal Activity Improves Working Memory Performance in Virtual Reality Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 7, no. MHCI, pp. 196:1–196:26, 2023.
@article{chiossi_adapting_2023,
title = {Adapting Visual Complexity Based on Electrodermal Activity Improves Working Memory Performance in Virtual Reality},
author = {Francesco Chiossi and Yagiz Turgut and Robin Welsch and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3604243},
doi = {10.1145/3604243},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-09-01},
urldate = {2024-04-24},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
volume = {7},
number = {MHCI},
pages = {196:1–196:26},
abstract = {Biocybernetic loops encompass users' state detection and system adaptation based on physiological signals. Current adaptive systems limit the adaptation to task features such as task difficulty or multitasking demands. However, virtual reality allows the manipulation of task-irrelevant elements in the environment. We present a physiologically adaptive system that adjusts the virtual environment based on physiological arousal, i.e., electrodermal activity. We conducted a user study with our adaptive system in social virtual reality to verify improved performance. Here, participants completed an n-back task, and we adapted the visual complexity of the environment by changing the number of non-player characters. Our results show that an adaptive virtual reality can control users' comfort, performance, and workload by adapting the visual complexity based on physiological arousal. Thus, our physiologically adaptive system improves task performance and perceived workload. Finally, we embed our findings in physiological computing and discuss applications in various scenarios.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Biocybernetic loops encompass users' state detection and system adaptation based on physiological signals. Current adaptive systems limit the adaptation to task features such as task difficulty or multitasking demands. However, virtual reality allows the manipulation of task-irrelevant elements in the environment. We present a physiologically adaptive system that adjusts the virtual environment based on physiological arousal, i.e., electrodermal activity. We conducted a user study with our adaptive system in social virtual reality to verify improved performance. Here, participants completed an n-back task, and we adapted the visual complexity of the environment by changing the number of non-player characters. Our results show that an adaptive virtual reality can control users' comfort, performance, and workload by adapting the visual complexity based on physiological arousal. Thus, our physiologically adaptive system improves task performance and perceived workload. Finally, we embed our findings in physiological computing and discuss applications in various scenarios.
Villa, Steeven; Niess, Jasmin; Schmidt, Albrecht; Welsch, Robin
Society's Attitudes Towards Human Augmentation and Performance Enhancement Technologies (SHAPE) Scale Journal Article
In: Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, 2023, (Place: New York, NY, USA Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery).
@article{villa_societys_2023,
title = {Society's Attitudes Towards Human Augmentation and Performance Enhancement Technologies (SHAPE) Scale},
author = {Steeven Villa and Jasmin Niess and Albrecht Schmidt and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3610915},
doi = {10.1145/3610915},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-09-01},
journal = {Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol.},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
abstract = {Human augmentation technologies (ATs) are a subset of ubiquitous on-body devices designed to improve cognitive, sensory, and motor capacities. Although there is a large corpus of knowledge concerning ATs, less is known about societal attitudes towards them and how they shift over time. To that end, we developed The Society's Attitudes Towards Human Augmentation and Performance Enhancement Technologies (SHAPE) Scale, which measures how users of ATs are perceived. To develop the scale, we first created a list of possible scale items based on past work on how people respond to new technologies. The items were then reviewed by experts. Next, we performed exploratory factor analysis to reduce the scale to its final length of thirteen items. Subsequently, we confirmed test-retest validity of our instrument, as well as its construct validity. The SHAPE scale enables researchers and practitioners to understand elements contributing to attitudes toward augmentation technology users. The SHAPE scale assists designers of ATs in designing artifacts that will be more universally accepted.},
note = {Place: New York, NY, USA
Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Human augmentation technologies (ATs) are a subset of ubiquitous on-body devices designed to improve cognitive, sensory, and motor capacities. Although there is a large corpus of knowledge concerning ATs, less is known about societal attitudes towards them and how they shift over time. To that end, we developed The Society's Attitudes Towards Human Augmentation and Performance Enhancement Technologies (SHAPE) Scale, which measures how users of ATs are perceived. To develop the scale, we first created a list of possible scale items based on past work on how people respond to new technologies. The items were then reviewed by experts. Next, we performed exploratory factor analysis to reduce the scale to its final length of thirteen items. Subsequently, we confirmed test-retest validity of our instrument, as well as its construct validity. The SHAPE scale enables researchers and practitioners to understand elements contributing to attitudes toward augmentation technology users. The SHAPE scale assists designers of ATs in designing artifacts that will be more universally accepted.
Haliburton, Luke; Ghebremedhin, Sinksar; Welsch, Robin; Schmidt, Albrecht; Mayer, Sven
Investigating Labeler Bias in Face Annotation for Machine Learning Miscellaneous
2023, (arXiv:2301.09902 [cs]).
@misc{haliburton_investigating_2023,
title = {Investigating Labeler Bias in Face Annotation for Machine Learning},
author = {Luke Haliburton and Sinksar Ghebremedhin and Robin Welsch and Albrecht Schmidt and Sven Mayer},
url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/2301.09902},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-06-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
publisher = {arXiv},
abstract = {In a world increasingly reliant on artificial intelligence, it is more important than ever to consider the ethical implications of artificial intelligence on humanity. One key under-explored challenge is labeler bias, which can create inherently biased datasets for training and subsequently lead to inaccurate or unfair decisions in healthcare, employment, education, and law enforcement. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate and measure the existence of labeler bias using images of people from different ethnicities and sexes in a labeling task. Our results show that participants possess stereotypes that influence their decision-making process and that labeler demographics impact assigned labels. We also discuss how labeler bias influences datasets and, subsequently, the models trained on them. Overall, a high degree of transparency must be maintained throughout the entire artificial intelligence training process to identify and correct biases in the data as early as possible.},
note = {arXiv:2301.09902 [cs]},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {misc}
}
In a world increasingly reliant on artificial intelligence, it is more important than ever to consider the ethical implications of artificial intelligence on humanity. One key under-explored challenge is labeler bias, which can create inherently biased datasets for training and subsequently lead to inaccurate or unfair decisions in healthcare, employment, education, and law enforcement. Hence, we conducted a study to investigate and measure the existence of labeler bias using images of people from different ethnicities and sexes in a labeling task. Our results show that participants possess stereotypes that influence their decision-making process and that labeler demographics impact assigned labels. We also discuss how labeler bias influences datasets and, subsequently, the models trained on them. Overall, a high degree of transparency must be maintained throughout the entire artificial intelligence training process to identify and correct biases in the data as early as possible.
Leusmann, Jan; Oechsner, Carl; Prinz, Johanna; Welsch, Robin; Mayer, Sven
A Database for Kitchen Objects: Investigating Danger Perception in the Context of Human-Robot Interaction Proceedings Article
In: Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–9, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2023, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9422-2.
@inproceedings{leusmann_database_2023,
title = {A Database for Kitchen Objects: Investigating Danger Perception in the Context of Human-Robot Interaction},
author = {Jan Leusmann and Carl Oechsner and Johanna Prinz and Robin Welsch and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544549.3585884},
doi = {10.1145/3544549.3585884},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9422-2},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-04-01},
urldate = {2024-04-24},
booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
pages = {1–9},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {CHI EA '23},
abstract = {In the future, humans collaborating closely with cobots in everyday tasks will require handing each other objects. So far, researchers have optimized human-robot collaboration concerning measures such as trust, safety, and enjoyment. However, as the objects themselves influence these measures, we need to investigate how humans perceive the danger level of objects. Thus, we created a database of 153 kitchen objects and conducted an online survey (N=300) investigating their perceived danger level. We found that (1) humans perceive kitchen objects vastly differently, (2) the object-holder has a strong effect on the danger perception, and (3) prior user knowledge increases the perceived danger of robots handling those objects. This shows that future human-robot collaboration studies must investigate different objects for a holistic image. We contribute a wiki-like open-source database to allow others to study predefined danger scenarios and eventually build object-aware systems: https://hri-objects.leusmann.io/.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
In the future, humans collaborating closely with cobots in everyday tasks will require handing each other objects. So far, researchers have optimized human-robot collaboration concerning measures such as trust, safety, and enjoyment. However, as the objects themselves influence these measures, we need to investigate how humans perceive the danger level of objects. Thus, we created a database of 153 kitchen objects and conducted an online survey (N=300) investigating their perceived danger level. We found that (1) humans perceive kitchen objects vastly differently, (2) the object-holder has a strong effect on the danger perception, and (3) prior user knowledge increases the perceived danger of robots handling those objects. This shows that future human-robot collaboration studies must investigate different objects for a holistic image. We contribute a wiki-like open-source database to allow others to study predefined danger scenarios and eventually build object-aware systems: https://hri-objects.leusmann.io/.
Villa, Steeven; Kosch, Thomas; Grelka, Felix; Schmidt, Albrecht; Welsch, Robin
The placebo effect of human augmentation: Anticipating cognitive augmentation increases risk-taking behavior Journal Article
In: Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 146, pp. 107787, 2023, (Publisher: Elsevier).
@article{villa_placebo_2023,
title = {The placebo effect of human augmentation: Anticipating cognitive augmentation increases risk-taking behavior},
author = {Steeven Villa and Thomas Kosch and Felix Grelka and Albrecht Schmidt and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563223001383},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},
volume = {146},
pages = {107787},
note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Welsch, Robin; Hecht, Heiko; Stins, John
Task-relevant social cues affect whole-body approach-avoidance behavior Journal Article
In: Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 8568, 2023, (Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London).
@article{welsch_task-relevant_2023,
title = {Task-relevant social cues affect whole-body approach-avoidance behavior},
author = {Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht and John Stins},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35033-7},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {8568},
note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
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2022
Kosch, Thomas; Welsch, Robin; Chuang, Lewis; Schmidt, Albrecht
The Placebo Effect of Artificial Intelligence in Human–Computer Interaction Journal Article
In: ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1–32, 2022, ISSN: 1073-0516, 1557-7325.
@article{kosch_placebo_2022,
title = {The Placebo Effect of Artificial Intelligence in Human–Computer Interaction},
author = {Thomas Kosch and Robin Welsch and Lewis Chuang and Albrecht Schmidt},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3529225},
doi = {10.1145/3529225},
issn = {1073-0516, 1557-7325},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-12-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},
volume = {29},
number = {6},
pages = {1–32},
abstract = {In medicine, patients can obtain real benefits from a sham treatment. These benefits are known as the placebo effect. We report two experiments (Experiment I: N = 369; Experiment II: N = 100) demonstrating a placebo effect in adaptive interfaces. Participants were asked to solve word puzzles while being supported by no system or an adaptive AI interface. All participants experienced the same word puzzle difficulty and had no support from an AI throughout the experiments. Our results showed that the belief of receiving adaptive AI support increases expectations regarding the participant’s own task performance, sustained after interaction. These expectations were positively correlated to performance, as indicated by the number of solved word puzzles. We integrate our findings into technological acceptance theories and discuss implications for the future assessment of AI-based user interfaces and novel technologies. We argue that system descriptions can elicit placebo effects through user expectations biasing the results of user-centered studies.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In medicine, patients can obtain real benefits from a sham treatment. These benefits are known as the placebo effect. We report two experiments (Experiment I: N = 369; Experiment II: N = 100) demonstrating a placebo effect in adaptive interfaces. Participants were asked to solve word puzzles while being supported by no system or an adaptive AI interface. All participants experienced the same word puzzle difficulty and had no support from an AI throughout the experiments. Our results showed that the belief of receiving adaptive AI support increases expectations regarding the participant’s own task performance, sustained after interaction. These expectations were positively correlated to performance, as indicated by the number of solved word puzzles. We integrate our findings into technological acceptance theories and discuss implications for the future assessment of AI-based user interfaces and novel technologies. We argue that system descriptions can elicit placebo effects through user expectations biasing the results of user-centered studies.
Windl, Maximiliane; Hiesinger, Alexander; Welsch, Robin; Schmidt, Albrecht; Feger, Sebastian S.
SaferHome: Interactive Physical and Digital Smart Home Dashboards for Communicating Privacy Assessments to Owners and Bystanders Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 6, no. ISS, pp. 680–699, 2022, ISSN: 2573-0142.
@article{windl_saferhome_2022,
title = {SaferHome: Interactive Physical and Digital Smart Home Dashboards for Communicating Privacy Assessments to Owners and Bystanders},
author = {Maximiliane Windl and Alexander Hiesinger and Robin Welsch and Albrecht Schmidt and Sebastian S. Feger},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3567739},
doi = {10.1145/3567739},
issn = {2573-0142},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-11-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},
volume = {6},
number = {ISS},
pages = {680–699},
abstract = {Private homes are increasingly becoming smart spaces. While smart homes promise comfort, they expose most intimate spaces to security and privacy risks. Unfortunately, most users today are not equipped with the right tools to assess the vulnerabilities or privacy practices of smart devices. Further, users might lose track of the devices installed in their homes or are unaware of devices placed by a partner or host. We developed SaferHome, an interactive digital-physical privacy framework, to provide smart home users with security and privacy assessments and a sense of device location. SaferHome includes a digital list view and physical and digital dashboards that map real floor plans. We evaluated SaferHome with eight households in the wild. We find that users adopted various strategies to integrate the dashboards into their understanding and interpretation of smart home privacy. We present implications for the design of future smart home privacy frameworks that are impacted by technical affinity, device types, device ownership, and tangibility of assessments.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Private homes are increasingly becoming smart spaces. While smart homes promise comfort, they expose most intimate spaces to security and privacy risks. Unfortunately, most users today are not equipped with the right tools to assess the vulnerabilities or privacy practices of smart devices. Further, users might lose track of the devices installed in their homes or are unaware of devices placed by a partner or host. We developed SaferHome, an interactive digital-physical privacy framework, to provide smart home users with security and privacy assessments and a sense of device location. SaferHome includes a digital list view and physical and digital dashboards that map real floor plans. We evaluated SaferHome with eight households in the wild. We find that users adopted various strategies to integrate the dashboards into their understanding and interpretation of smart home privacy. We present implications for the design of future smart home privacy frameworks that are impacted by technical affinity, device types, device ownership, and tangibility of assessments.
Huang, Ann; Knierim, Pascal; Chiossi, Francesco; Chuang, Lewis L; Welsch, Robin
Proxemics for Human-Agent Interaction in Augmented Reality Proceedings Article
In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13, ACM, New Orleans LA USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9157-3.
@inproceedings{huang_proxemics_2022,
title = {Proxemics for Human-Agent Interaction in Augmented Reality},
author = {Ann Huang and Pascal Knierim and Francesco Chiossi and Lewis L Chuang and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3491102.3517593},
doi = {10.1145/3491102.3517593},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9157-3},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
pages = {1–13},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New Orleans LA USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Hoppe, Matthias; Baumann, Andrea; Tamunjoh, Patrick Chofor; Machulla, Tonja-Katrin; Woźniak, Paweł W.; Schmidt, Albrecht; Welsch, Robin
There Is No First- or Third-Person View in Virtual Reality: Understanding the Perspective Continuum Proceedings Article
In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–13, ACM, New Orleans LA USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9157-3.
@inproceedings{hoppe_there_2022,
title = {There Is No First- or Third-Person View in Virtual Reality: Understanding the Perspective Continuum},
author = {Matthias Hoppe and Andrea Baumann and Patrick Chofor Tamunjoh and Tonja-Katrin Machulla and Paweł W. Woźniak and Albrecht Schmidt and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3491102.3517447},
doi = {10.1145/3491102.3517447},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9157-3},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
pages = {1–13},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New Orleans LA USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Hirsch, Linda; Silva-Tarouca, Ivan Graf Von; Welsch, Robin
Increasing Socio-Spatial Connectedness Among Students: A Location-Based AR Social Media Network Approach Proceedings Article
In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts, pp. 1–7, ACM, New Orleans LA USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9156-6.
@inproceedings{hirsch_increasing_2022,
title = {Increasing Socio-Spatial Connectedness Among Students: A Location-Based AR Social Media Network Approach},
author = {Linda Hirsch and Ivan Graf Von Silva-Tarouca and Robin Welsch},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3491101.3519681},
doi = {10.1145/3491101.3519681},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9156-6},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts},
pages = {1–7},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New Orleans LA USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Dechant, Martin Johannes; Welsch, Robin; Frommel, Julian; Mandryk, Regan L
(Don’t) stand by me: How trait psychopathy and NPC emotion influence player perceptions, verbal responses, and movement behaviours in a gaming task Proceedings Article
In: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–17, ACM, New Orleans LA USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9157-3.
@inproceedings{dechant_dont_2022,
title = {(Don’t) stand by me: How trait psychopathy and NPC emotion influence player perceptions, verbal responses, and movement behaviours in a gaming task},
author = {Martin Johannes Dechant and Robin Welsch and Julian Frommel and Regan L Mandryk},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3491102.3502014},
doi = {10.1145/3491102.3502014},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9157-3},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-04-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
pages = {1–17},
publisher = {ACM},
address = {New Orleans LA USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Haliburton, Luke; Schött, Svenja Yvonne; Hirsch, Linda; Welsch, Robin; Schmidt, Albrecht
Feeling the Temperature of the Room: Unobtrusive Thermal Display of Engagement during Group Communication Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–21, 2022, ISSN: 2474-9567.
@article{haliburton_feeling_2022,
title = {Feeling the Temperature of the Room: Unobtrusive Thermal Display of Engagement during Group Communication},
author = {Luke Haliburton and Svenja Yvonne Schött and Linda Hirsch and Robin Welsch and Albrecht Schmidt},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3580820},
doi = {10.1145/3580820},
issn = {2474-9567},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-03-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies},
volume = {7},
number = {1},
pages = {1–21},
abstract = {Thermal signals have been explored in HCI for emotion-elicitation and enhancing two-person communication, showing that temperature invokes social and emotional signals in individuals. Yet, extending these findings to group communication is missing. We investigated how thermal signals can be used to communicate group affective states in a hybrid meeting scenario to help people feel connected over a distance. We conducted a lab study (N=20 participants) and explored wrist-worn thermal feedback to communicate audience emotions. Our results show that thermal feedback is an effective method of conveying audience engagement without increasing workload and can help a presenter feel more in tune with the audience. We outline design implications for real-world wearable social thermal feedback systems for both virtual and in-person communication that support group affect communication and social connectedness. Thermal feedback has the potential to connect people across distances and facilitate more effective and dynamic communication in multiple contexts.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Thermal signals have been explored in HCI for emotion-elicitation and enhancing two-person communication, showing that temperature invokes social and emotional signals in individuals. Yet, extending these findings to group communication is missing. We investigated how thermal signals can be used to communicate group affective states in a hybrid meeting scenario to help people feel connected over a distance. We conducted a lab study (N=20 participants) and explored wrist-worn thermal feedback to communicate audience emotions. Our results show that thermal feedback is an effective method of conveying audience engagement without increasing workload and can help a presenter feel more in tune with the audience. We outline design implications for real-world wearable social thermal feedback systems for both virtual and in-person communication that support group affect communication and social connectedness. Thermal feedback has the potential to connect people across distances and facilitate more effective and dynamic communication in multiple contexts.
Hirsch, Linda; Welsch, Robin; Rossmy, Beat; Butz, Andreas
Embedded AR Storytelling Supports Active Indexing at Historical Places Proceedings Article
In: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, pp. 1–12, Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2022, ISBN: 978-1-4503-9147-4.
@inproceedings{hirsch_embedded_2022,
title = {Embedded AR Storytelling Supports Active Indexing at Historical Places},
author = {Linda Hirsch and Robin Welsch and Beat Rossmy and Andreas Butz},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3490149.3501328},
doi = {10.1145/3490149.3501328},
isbn = {978-1-4503-9147-4},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-02-01},
urldate = {2024-04-24},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction},
pages = {1–12},
publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
address = {New York, NY, USA},
series = {TEI '22},
abstract = {Embedded interfaces support active indexing, the process of making sense of the experienced. While this supports the creation of meaningful relationships, findings are limited on how it could support sustaining the significance of historical places. We selected two historical places of daily use and developed two AR apps for each. The apps aimed at fostering participants’ indexing and meaningful connection to the places by presenting their history. One app offered passive, informative content. The other displayed an interactive, moral dilemma emphasizing the places’ social values. We tested the apps in two between-subjects studies with N=42 participants in total. We explored how participants ’ historical understanding can be improved by embedding our interfaces on five levels (spatially, physically, contextually, historically, and morally). We found that the morally embedded AR stories supported active indexing stronger than the passive ones and argued that they could foster meaningful relationships between users and historical places.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Embedded interfaces support active indexing, the process of making sense of the experienced. While this supports the creation of meaningful relationships, findings are limited on how it could support sustaining the significance of historical places. We selected two historical places of daily use and developed two AR apps for each. The apps aimed at fostering participants’ indexing and meaningful connection to the places by presenting their history. One app offered passive, informative content. The other displayed an interactive, moral dilemma emphasizing the places’ social values. We tested the apps in two between-subjects studies with N=42 participants in total. We explored how participants ’ historical understanding can be improved by embedding our interfaces on five levels (spatially, physically, contextually, historically, and morally). We found that the morally embedded AR stories supported active indexing stronger than the passive ones and argued that they could foster meaningful relationships between users and historical places.
Wessels, Marlene; Utegaliyev, Nariman; Bernhard, Christoph; Welsch, Robin; Oberfeld, Daniel; Thönes, Sven; Castell, Christoph
Adapting to the pandemic: longitudinal effects of social restrictions on time perception and boredom during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany Journal Article
In: Scientific reports, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1863, 2022, (Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London).
@article{wessels_adapting_2022,
title = {Adapting to the pandemic: longitudinal effects of social restrictions on time perception and boredom during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany},
author = {Marlene Wessels and Nariman Utegaliyev and Christoph Bernhard and Robin Welsch and Daniel Oberfeld and Sven Thönes and Christoph Castell},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05495-2},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {12},
number = {1},
pages = {1863},
note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London},
keywords = {},
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tppubtype = {article}
}
Chiossi, Francesco; Welsch, Robin; Villa, Steeven; Chuang, Lewis; Mayer, Sven
Virtual reality adaptation using electrodermal activity to support the user experience Journal Article
In: Big Data and Cognitive Computing, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 55, 2022, (Publisher: MDPI).
@article{chiossi_virtual_2022,
title = {Virtual reality adaptation using electrodermal activity to support the user experience},
author = {Francesco Chiossi and Robin Welsch and Steeven Villa and Lewis Chuang and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/6/2/55},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Big Data and Cognitive Computing},
volume = {6},
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pages = {55},
note = {Publisher: MDPI},
keywords = {},
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Chiossi, Francesco; Villa, Steeven; Hauser, Melanie; Welsch, Robin; Chuang, Lewis
Design of on-body tactile displays to enhance situation awareness in automated vehicles Proceedings Article
In: 2022 IEEE 9th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA), pp. 1–6, IEEE, 2022.
@inproceedings{chiossi_design_2022,
title = {Design of on-body tactile displays to enhance situation awareness in automated vehicles},
author = {Francesco Chiossi and Steeven Villa and Melanie Hauser and Robin Welsch and Lewis Chuang},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9853690/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {2022 IEEE 9th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA)},
pages = {1–6},
publisher = {IEEE},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Chiossi, Francesco; Welsch, Robin; Villa, Steeven; Chuang, Lewis L.; Mayer, Sven
Designing a Physiological Loop for the Adaptation of Virtual Human Characters in a Social VR Scenario Proceedings Article
In: 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), pp. 578–579, IEEE, 2022.
@inproceedings{chiossi_designing_2022,
title = {Designing a Physiological Loop for the Adaptation of Virtual Human Characters in a Social VR Scenario},
author = {Francesco Chiossi and Robin Welsch and Steeven Villa and Lewis L. Chuang and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9757528/},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)},
pages = {578–579},
publisher = {IEEE},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
2021
Welsch, Robin; Schmidt, Alexander F.; Turner, Daniel; Rettenberger, Martin
Test–Retest Reliability and Temporal Agreement of Direct and Indirect Sexual Interest Measures Journal Article
In: Sexual Abuse, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 339–360, 2021, ISSN: 1079-0632, 1573-286X.
@article{welsch_testretest_2021,
title = {Test–Retest Reliability and Temporal Agreement of Direct and Indirect Sexual Interest Measures},
author = {Robin Welsch and Alexander F. Schmidt and Daniel Turner and Martin Rettenberger},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063220904354},
doi = {10.1177/1079063220904354},
issn = {1079-0632, 1573-286X},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-04-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Sexual Abuse},
volume = {33},
number = {3},
pages = {339–360},
abstract = {The Explicit and Implicit Sexual Interest Profile (EISIP) is a multimethod measure of sexual interest in children and adults. It combines indirect latency-based measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Viewing Time (VT), and explicit self-report measures. This study examined test–retest reliability and absolute temporal agreement of the EISIP over a 2-week interval in persons who were convicted of sexual offenses against children ( n = 33) and nonoffending controls ( n = 48). Test–retest reliability of the aggregated EISIP measures was high across the whole sample ( r
tt = .90, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .90) with the IAT yielding the lowest retest correlations ( r
tt = .66},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The Explicit and Implicit Sexual Interest Profile (EISIP) is a multimethod measure of sexual interest in children and adults. It combines indirect latency-based measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Viewing Time (VT), and explicit self-report measures. This study examined test–retest reliability and absolute temporal agreement of the EISIP over a 2-week interval in persons who were convicted of sexual offenses against children ( n = 33) and nonoffending controls ( n = 48). Test–retest reliability of the aggregated EISIP measures was high across the whole sample ( r
tt = .90, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .90) with the IAT yielding the lowest retest correlations ( r
tt = .66
tt = .90, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .90) with the IAT yielding the lowest retest correlations ( r
tt = .66
Hirsch, Linda; Schneegass, Christina; Welsch, Robin; Butz, Andreas
To See or Not to See: Exploring Inattentional Blindness for the Design of Unobtrusive Interfaces in Shared Public Places Journal Article
In: Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–25, 2021, ISSN: 2474-9567.
@article{hirsch_see_2021,
title = {To See or Not to See: Exploring Inattentional Blindness for the Design of Unobtrusive Interfaces in Shared Public Places},
author = {Linda Hirsch and Christina Schneegass and Robin Welsch and Andreas Butz},
url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448123},
doi = {10.1145/3448123},
issn = {2474-9567},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-03-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies},
volume = {5},
number = {1},
pages = {1–25},
abstract = {People visit public places with different intentions and motivations. While some explore it carefully, others may just want to pass or are otherwise engaged. We investigate how to exploit the inattentional blindness (IB) of indirect users in the design of public interfaces to apply to such diverse needs. Beginning with a structured literature study in the ACM Digital Library on IB, we analyzed 135 publications to derive design strategies that benefit from IB or avoid IB. Using these findings, we selected three existing interfaces for information presentation on a large public square and created two additional interfaces ourselves. We then compared users' perceptions through a self-reported photography study (N = 40). Participants followed one of four scripted profiles to imitate different user intentions, two for direct and two for indirect users. We hypothesized that direct users would recognize the interfaces, while indirect users would experience IB and ignore them. Our results show that direct users reported up to 68% of our interfaces, whereas indirect users noticed only 16%. Thus, IB can be exploited to hide interfaces from indirect users while keeping them noticeable to direct users.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
People visit public places with different intentions and motivations. While some explore it carefully, others may just want to pass or are otherwise engaged. We investigate how to exploit the inattentional blindness (IB) of indirect users in the design of public interfaces to apply to such diverse needs. Beginning with a structured literature study in the ACM Digital Library on IB, we analyzed 135 publications to derive design strategies that benefit from IB or avoid IB. Using these findings, we selected three existing interfaces for information presentation on a large public square and created two additional interfaces ourselves. We then compared users' perceptions through a self-reported photography study (N = 40). Participants followed one of four scripted profiles to imitate different user intentions, two for direct and two for indirect users. We hypothesized that direct users would recognize the interfaces, while indirect users would experience IB and ignore them. Our results show that direct users reported up to 68% of our interfaces, whereas indirect users noticed only 16%. Thus, IB can be exploited to hide interfaces from indirect users while keeping them noticeable to direct users.
Welsch, Robin; Wessels, Marlene; Bernhard, Christoph; Thönes, Sven; Castell, Christoph
Physical distancing and the perception of interpersonal distance in the COVID-19 crisis Journal Article
In: Scientific reports, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 11485, 2021, (Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London).
@article{welsch_physical_2021,
title = {Physical distancing and the perception of interpersonal distance in the COVID-19 crisis},
author = {Robin Welsch and Marlene Wessels and Christoph Bernhard and Sven Thönes and Christoph Castell},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90714-5},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Scientific reports},
volume = {11},
number = {1},
pages = {11485},
note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
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}
Rivu, Radiah; Zhou, Yumeng; Welsch, Robin; Mäkelä, Ville; Alt, Florian
In: Ardito, Carmelo; Lanzilotti, Rosa; Malizia, Alessio; Petrie, Helen; Piccinno, Antonio; Desolda, Giuseppe; Inkpen, Kori (Ed.): Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021, vol. 12936, pp. 234–250, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021, ISBN: 978-3-030-85606-9 978-3-030-85607-6, (Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science).
@incollection{ardito_when_2021,
title = {When Friends Become Strangers: Understanding the Influence of Avatar Gender on Interpersonal Distance in Virtual Reality},
author = {Radiah Rivu and Yumeng Zhou and Robin Welsch and Ville Mäkelä and Florian Alt},
editor = {Carmelo Ardito and Rosa Lanzilotti and Alessio Malizia and Helen Petrie and Antonio Piccinno and Giuseppe Desolda and Kori Inkpen},
url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-85607-6_16},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-85607-6_16},
isbn = {978-3-030-85606-9 978-3-030-85607-6},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021},
volume = {12936},
pages = {234–250},
publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
address = {Cham},
note = {Series Title: Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Welsch, Robin; Rothe, Sylvia; Mayer, Sven
Proxemics in Virtual Reality: What Should We Put to the Test in Social VR? Proceedings Article
In: Proc. of Social VR Workshop–A New Medium for Remote Comm. & Coll, 2021.
@inproceedings{welsch_proxemics_2021,
title = {Proxemics in Virtual Reality: What Should We Put to the Test in Social VR?},
author = {Robin Welsch and Sylvia Rothe and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/80928362/welsch2021proxemics.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {Proc. of Social VR Workshop–A New Medium for Remote Comm. & Coll},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Toure, Donovan; Welsch, Robin; Mayer, Sven
The Future of Proxemic Interaction in Smart Factories. Proceedings Article
In: AutomationXP@ CHI, 2021.
@inproceedings{toure_future_2021,
title = {The Future of Proxemic Interaction in Smart Factories.},
author = {Donovan Toure and Robin Welsch and Sven Mayer},
url = {https://sven-mayer.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/toure2021future.pdf},
year = {2021},
date = {2021-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
booktitle = {AutomationXP@ CHI},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
2020
Welsch, Robin; Hecht, Heiko; Chuang, Lewis; Castell, Christoph Von
Interpersonal Distance in the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis Journal Article
In: Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 1095–1101, 2020, ISSN: 0018-7208, 1547-8181.
@article{welsch_interpersonal_2020-1,
title = {Interpersonal Distance in the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis},
author = {Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht and Lewis Chuang and Christoph Von Castell},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0018720820956858},
doi = {10.1177/0018720820956858},
issn = {0018-7208, 1547-8181},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-11-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society},
volume = {62},
number = {7},
pages = {1095–1101},
abstract = {Background
Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions.
Objective
This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances.
Method
To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors.
Results
To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances.
Conclusion
We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5–2 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms.
Application
We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Background
Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions.
Objective
This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances.
Method
To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors.
Results
To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances.
Conclusion
We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5–2 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms.
Application
We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.
Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions.
Objective
This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances.
Method
To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors.
Results
To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances.
Conclusion
We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5–2 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms.
Application
We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.
Hertz, Priscilla Gregório; Rettenberger, Martin; Welsch, Robin; Turner, Daniel
Die klinisch-forensische Bedeutung des Selbstregulationsmodells sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit bei pädosexuellen Straftaten Journal Article
In: Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 336–343, 2020, ISSN: 1862-7072, 1862-7080, (Publisher: Springer).
@article{gregorio_hertz_klinisch-forensische_2020-1,
title = {Die klinisch-forensische Bedeutung des Selbstregulationsmodells sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit bei pädosexuellen Straftaten},
author = {Priscilla Gregório Hertz and Martin Rettenberger and Robin Welsch and Daniel Turner},
url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11757-020-00614-z},
doi = {10.1007/s11757-020-00614-z},
issn = {1862-7072, 1862-7080},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-08-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie},
volume = {14},
number = {3},
pages = {336–343},
abstract = {Zusammenfassung
Das Selbstregulationsmodell sexueller Rückfälligkeit („self-regulation model of the relapse process“, SRM) stellt eine Theorie zur Ätiologie sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit dar, bei der sexuell motivierte Straftaten und Täter unterschiedlichen Rückfallpfaden und Entscheidungswegen zugeordnet werden, von denen aus wiederum auf individuelle Motive, Defizite und Ressourcen geschlossen werden kann. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe von
N = 68 Männern, die mindestens eine sexuell motivierte Straftat gegen Kinder begangen haben, in Bezug auf die SRM-Typologisierung beurteilt und hinsichtlich verschiedener klinischer, demografischer und kriminologischer Merkmale verglichen. Unter Verwendung des SRM konnten 25 % (
n = 17) dem annähernd-expliziten, 25 % (
n = 17) dem vermeidend-passiven, 22,1 % (
n = 15) dem annähernd-automatischen und 13,2 % (
n = 9) dem vermeidend-aktiven Rückfallpfad zugeordnet werden. Männer mit Annäherungszielen wiesen im Vergleich zu denen mit Vermeidungszielen höhere Werte im Static-99 und ein entsprechend höheres Rückfallrisiko auf. Außerdem wurde bei Männern mit Annäherungszielen häufiger die Diagnose einer Pädophilie gestellt. Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Hinweise dafür, dass das SRM ein nützliches theoretisches Modell sein kann, um Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Männern, die aufgrund eines Kindesmissbrauchsdelikt verurteilt wurden, aufzudecken.
,
Abstract
The self-regulation model of the offense and relapse process (SRM) represents a theoretical approach to explain and assess the process of sexual delinquency and recidivism. According to this model, sexual offenses and offenders can be categorized into four different recidivism pathways, which are described by individual motives, deficits and resources recognized throughout the relapse process. In the present study, a sample of
N = 68 men who were convicted of at least 1 sexual offense against child victims were assessed regarding the offense pathways of the SRM and compared with respect to clinical, demographic and criminological features. The results showed that 25% (
n = 17) of the sample were allocated to the approach-explicit, 25% (
n = 17) to the avoiding-passive, 22.1% (
n = 15) to the approach-automatic, and 13.2% (
n = 9) to the avoiding-active pathway. Men with approach goals showed higher scores in Static-99 and therefore a higher recidivism risk for sexual offenses than men with avoidance goals. Furthermore, men with an approach goal were more often diagnosed with a pedophilic disorder. The results of the present study provide first indicators that the SRM can be a useful theoretical model to detect similarities between men who were convicted of sexual abuse crimes with children.},
note = {Publisher: Springer},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Zusammenfassung
Das Selbstregulationsmodell sexueller Rückfälligkeit („self-regulation model of the relapse process“, SRM) stellt eine Theorie zur Ätiologie sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit dar, bei der sexuell motivierte Straftaten und Täter unterschiedlichen Rückfallpfaden und Entscheidungswegen zugeordnet werden, von denen aus wiederum auf individuelle Motive, Defizite und Ressourcen geschlossen werden kann. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe von
N = 68 Männern, die mindestens eine sexuell motivierte Straftat gegen Kinder begangen haben, in Bezug auf die SRM-Typologisierung beurteilt und hinsichtlich verschiedener klinischer, demografischer und kriminologischer Merkmale verglichen. Unter Verwendung des SRM konnten 25 % (
n = 17) dem annähernd-expliziten, 25 % (
n = 17) dem vermeidend-passiven, 22,1 % (
n = 15) dem annähernd-automatischen und 13,2 % (
n = 9) dem vermeidend-aktiven Rückfallpfad zugeordnet werden. Männer mit Annäherungszielen wiesen im Vergleich zu denen mit Vermeidungszielen höhere Werte im Static-99 und ein entsprechend höheres Rückfallrisiko auf. Außerdem wurde bei Männern mit Annäherungszielen häufiger die Diagnose einer Pädophilie gestellt. Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Hinweise dafür, dass das SRM ein nützliches theoretisches Modell sein kann, um Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Männern, die aufgrund eines Kindesmissbrauchsdelikt verurteilt wurden, aufzudecken.
,
Abstract
The self-regulation model of the offense and relapse process (SRM) represents a theoretical approach to explain and assess the process of sexual delinquency and recidivism. According to this model, sexual offenses and offenders can be categorized into four different recidivism pathways, which are described by individual motives, deficits and resources recognized throughout the relapse process. In the present study, a sample of
N = 68 men who were convicted of at least 1 sexual offense against child victims were assessed regarding the offense pathways of the SRM and compared with respect to clinical, demographic and criminological features. The results showed that 25% (
n = 17) of the sample were allocated to the approach-explicit, 25% (
n = 17) to the avoiding-passive, 22.1% (
n = 15) to the approach-automatic, and 13.2% (
n = 9) to the avoiding-active pathway. Men with approach goals showed higher scores in Static-99 and therefore a higher recidivism risk for sexual offenses than men with avoidance goals. Furthermore, men with an approach goal were more often diagnosed with a pedophilic disorder. The results of the present study provide first indicators that the SRM can be a useful theoretical model to detect similarities between men who were convicted of sexual abuse crimes with children.
Das Selbstregulationsmodell sexueller Rückfälligkeit („self-regulation model of the relapse process“, SRM) stellt eine Theorie zur Ätiologie sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit dar, bei der sexuell motivierte Straftaten und Täter unterschiedlichen Rückfallpfaden und Entscheidungswegen zugeordnet werden, von denen aus wiederum auf individuelle Motive, Defizite und Ressourcen geschlossen werden kann. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe von
N = 68 Männern, die mindestens eine sexuell motivierte Straftat gegen Kinder begangen haben, in Bezug auf die SRM-Typologisierung beurteilt und hinsichtlich verschiedener klinischer, demografischer und kriminologischer Merkmale verglichen. Unter Verwendung des SRM konnten 25 % (
n = 17) dem annähernd-expliziten, 25 % (
n = 17) dem vermeidend-passiven, 22,1 % (
n = 15) dem annähernd-automatischen und 13,2 % (
n = 9) dem vermeidend-aktiven Rückfallpfad zugeordnet werden. Männer mit Annäherungszielen wiesen im Vergleich zu denen mit Vermeidungszielen höhere Werte im Static-99 und ein entsprechend höheres Rückfallrisiko auf. Außerdem wurde bei Männern mit Annäherungszielen häufiger die Diagnose einer Pädophilie gestellt. Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Hinweise dafür, dass das SRM ein nützliches theoretisches Modell sein kann, um Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Männern, die aufgrund eines Kindesmissbrauchsdelikt verurteilt wurden, aufzudecken.
,
Abstract
The self-regulation model of the offense and relapse process (SRM) represents a theoretical approach to explain and assess the process of sexual delinquency and recidivism. According to this model, sexual offenses and offenders can be categorized into four different recidivism pathways, which are described by individual motives, deficits and resources recognized throughout the relapse process. In the present study, a sample of
N = 68 men who were convicted of at least 1 sexual offense against child victims were assessed regarding the offense pathways of the SRM and compared with respect to clinical, demographic and criminological features. The results showed that 25% (
n = 17) of the sample were allocated to the approach-explicit, 25% (
n = 17) to the avoiding-passive, 22.1% (
n = 15) to the approach-automatic, and 13.2% (
n = 9) to the avoiding-active pathway. Men with approach goals showed higher scores in Static-99 and therefore a higher recidivism risk for sexual offenses than men with avoidance goals. Furthermore, men with an approach goal were more often diagnosed with a pedophilic disorder. The results of the present study provide first indicators that the SRM can be a useful theoretical model to detect similarities between men who were convicted of sexual abuse crimes with children.
Welsch, Robin; Hecht, Heiko; Kolar, David R.; Witthöft, Michael; Legenbauer, Tanja
Body image avoidance affects interpersonal distance perception: A virtual environment experiment Journal Article
In: European Eating Disorders Review, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 282–295, 2020, ISSN: 1072-4133, 1099-0968.
@article{welsch_body_2020,
title = {Body image avoidance affects interpersonal distance perception: A virtual environment experiment},
author = {Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht and David R. Kolar and Michael Witthöft and Tanja Legenbauer},
url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/erv.2715},
doi = {10.1002/erv.2715},
issn = {1072-4133, 1099-0968},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-05-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {European Eating Disorders Review},
volume = {28},
number = {3},
pages = {282–295},
abstract = {Abstract
Objective
Eating disorders have a considerable influence on social contacts. The avoidance towards the own body may result in the avoidance of others. Previous research has found a preference for larger interaction distances in individuals with eating disorders (ED) as compared to control participants (CG). We aimed to replicate these findings and to investigate whether the body weight of the interactant moderates the effect.
Method
We recruited a female sample with mixed ED subtypes (
n = 21) and a female CG (
n = 28). Participants were immersed in a virtual environment and engaged in a number of fictitious social interactions. They approached a virtual person until a comfortable distance for interaction was reached. The approached virtual persons differed with respect to body weight in five levels (underweight to obese).
Results
Our results indicate that interpersonal distance varies as a U‐shaped function of the avatar's body weight, and that higher levels of body avoidance, present in ED individuals, magnify this effect.
Conclusions
We discuss our results with regard to the role of perspective and disgust to provide a useful framework and to motivate future studies in the domain of body avoidance in social interactions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Abstract
Objective
Eating disorders have a considerable influence on social contacts. The avoidance towards the own body may result in the avoidance of others. Previous research has found a preference for larger interaction distances in individuals with eating disorders (ED) as compared to control participants (CG). We aimed to replicate these findings and to investigate whether the body weight of the interactant moderates the effect.
Method
We recruited a female sample with mixed ED subtypes (
n = 21) and a female CG (
n = 28). Participants were immersed in a virtual environment and engaged in a number of fictitious social interactions. They approached a virtual person until a comfortable distance for interaction was reached. The approached virtual persons differed with respect to body weight in five levels (underweight to obese).
Results
Our results indicate that interpersonal distance varies as a U‐shaped function of the avatar's body weight, and that higher levels of body avoidance, present in ED individuals, magnify this effect.
Conclusions
We discuss our results with regard to the role of perspective and disgust to provide a useful framework and to motivate future studies in the domain of body avoidance in social interactions.
Objective
Eating disorders have a considerable influence on social contacts. The avoidance towards the own body may result in the avoidance of others. Previous research has found a preference for larger interaction distances in individuals with eating disorders (ED) as compared to control participants (CG). We aimed to replicate these findings and to investigate whether the body weight of the interactant moderates the effect.
Method
We recruited a female sample with mixed ED subtypes (
n = 21) and a female CG (
n = 28). Participants were immersed in a virtual environment and engaged in a number of fictitious social interactions. They approached a virtual person until a comfortable distance for interaction was reached. The approached virtual persons differed with respect to body weight in five levels (underweight to obese).
Results
Our results indicate that interpersonal distance varies as a U‐shaped function of the avatar's body weight, and that higher levels of body avoidance, present in ED individuals, magnify this effect.
Conclusions
We discuss our results with regard to the role of perspective and disgust to provide a useful framework and to motivate future studies in the domain of body avoidance in social interactions.
Welsch, Robin; Castell, Christoph Von; Hecht, Heiko
Interpersonal Distance Regulation and Approach-Avoidance Reactions Are Altered in Psychopathy Journal Article
In: Clinical Psychological Science, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 211–225, 2020, ISSN: 2167-7026, 2167-7034.
@article{welsch_interpersonal_2020,
title = {Interpersonal Distance Regulation and Approach-Avoidance Reactions Are Altered in Psychopathy},
author = {Robin Welsch and Christoph Von Castell and Heiko Hecht},
url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702619869336},
doi = {10.1177/2167702619869336},
issn = {2167-7026, 2167-7034},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-03-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {Clinical Psychological Science},
volume = {8},
number = {2},
pages = {211–225},
abstract = {In this study, we examined the impact of psychopathy on approach-avoidance reactions and interpersonal distance (IPD) in response to social cues. We selected a student sample and measured psychopathy via self-report. Participants were immersed in a virtual environment in which a virtual person displayed either angry or happy facial expressions. In the first experiment, participants had to walk toward the virtual person until a comfortable IPD had been reached. In the second experiment, participants had to push or pull a joystick in response to the facial expression of the virtual person. Our results suggest that psychopathy does not change average IPD but does impair its regulation. That is, the facial expression of the avatar no longer modulated IPD in participants with psychopathic traits to the extent that it did in participants with fewer psychopathic traits. The speed of the approach and avoidance reactions is altered in psychopathy when confronted with social cues.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this study, we examined the impact of psychopathy on approach-avoidance reactions and interpersonal distance (IPD) in response to social cues. We selected a student sample and measured psychopathy via self-report. Participants were immersed in a virtual environment in which a virtual person displayed either angry or happy facial expressions. In the first experiment, participants had to walk toward the virtual person until a comfortable IPD had been reached. In the second experiment, participants had to push or pull a joystick in response to the facial expression of the virtual person. Our results suggest that psychopathy does not change average IPD but does impair its regulation. That is, the facial expression of the avatar no longer modulated IPD in participants with psychopathic traits to the extent that it did in participants with fewer psychopathic traits. The speed of the approach and avoidance reactions is altered in psychopathy when confronted with social cues.
Welsch, Robin; Castell, Christoph; Rettenberger, Martin; Turner, Daniel; Hecht, Heiko; Fromberger, Peter
Sexual attraction modulates interpersonal distance and approach-avoidance movements towards virtual agents in males Journal Article
In: PloS one, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. e0231539, 2020, (Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA).
@article{welsch_sexual_2020,
title = {Sexual attraction modulates interpersonal distance and approach-avoidance movements towards virtual agents in males},
author = {Robin Welsch and Christoph Castell and Martin Rettenberger and Daniel Turner and Heiko Hecht and Peter Fromberger},
url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231539},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-01},
urldate = {2023-10-18},
journal = {PloS one},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
pages = {e0231539},
note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}