Publications

@article{haliburton_uncovering_2024,

title = {Uncovering labeler bias in machine learning annotation tasks},

author = {Luke Haliburton and Jan Leusmann and Robin Welsch and Sinksar Ghebremedhin and Petros Isaakidis and Albrecht Schmidt and Sven Mayer},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00572-w},

doi = {10.1007/s43681-024-00572-w},

issn = {2730-5961},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-09-01},

journal = {AI and Ethics},

abstract = {As artificial intelligence becomes increasingly pervasive, it is essential that we understand the implications of bias in machine learning. Many developers rely on crowd workers to generate and annotate datasets for machine learning applications. However, this step risks embedding training data with labeler bias, leading to biased decision-making in systems trained on these datasets. To characterize labeler bias, we created a face dataset and conducted two studies where labelers of different ethnicity and sex completed annotation tasks. In the first study, labelers annotated subjective characteristics of faces. In the second, they annotated images using bounding boxes. Our results demonstrate that labeler demographics significantly impact both subjective and accuracy-based annotations, indicating that collecting a diverse set of labelers may not be enough to solve the problem. We discuss the consequences of these findings for current machine learning practices to create fair and unbiased systems.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{10.1145/3637875,

title = {The AI Ghostwriter Effect: When Users do not Perceive Ownership of AI-Generated Text but Self-Declare as Authors},

author = {Fiona Draxler and Anna Werner and Florian Lehmann and Matthias Hoppe and Albrecht Schmidt and Daniel Buschek and Robin Welsch},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3637875},

doi = {10.1145/3637875},

issn = {1073-0516},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-02-01},

journal = {ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact.},

volume = {31},

number = {2},

publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},

address = {New York, NY, USA},

abstract = {Human-AI interaction in text production increases complexity in authorship. In two empirical studies (n1 = 30 & n2 = 96), we investigate authorship and ownership in human-AI collaboration for personalized language generation. We show an AI Ghostwriter Effect: Users do not consider themselves the owners and authors of AI-generated text but refrain from publicly declaring AI authorship. Personalization of AI-generated texts did not impact the AI Ghostwriter Effect, and higher levels of participants’ influence on texts increased their sense of ownership. Participants were more likely to attribute ownership to supposedly human ghostwriters than AI ghostwriters, resulting in a higher ownership-authorship discrepancy for human ghostwriters. Rationalizations for authorship in AI ghostwriters and human ghostwriters were similar. We discuss how our findings relate to psychological ownership and human-AI interaction to lay the foundations for adapting authorship frameworks and user interfaces in AI in text-generation tasks.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{schmidt_simulating_2024,

title = {Simulating the Human in HCD with ChatGPT: Redesigning Interaction Design with AI},

author = {Albrecht Schmidt and Passant Elagroudy and Fiona Draxler and Frauke Kreuter and Robin Welsch},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3637436},

doi = {10.1145/3637436},

issn = {1072-5520},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

urldate = {2024-04-24},

journal = {Interactions},

volume = {31},

number = {1},

pages = {24–31},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{li_seatmatevr_2023,

title = {SeatmateVR: Proxemic Cues for Close Bystander-Awareness in Virtual Reality},

author = {Jingyi Li and Hyerim Park and Robin Welsch and Sven Mayer and Andreas Butz},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3626474},

doi = {10.1145/3626474},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-11-01},

urldate = {2023-11-03},

journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},

volume = {7},

number = {ISS},

pages = {438:266–438:285},

abstract = {Prior research explored ways to alert virtual reality users of bystanders entering the play area from afar. However, in confined social settings like sharing a couch with seatmates, bystanders' proxemic cues, such as distance, are limited during interruptions, posing challenges for proxemic-aware systems. To address this, we investigated three visualizations, using a 2D animoji, a fully-rendered avatar, and their combination, to gradually share bystanders' orientation and location during interruptions. In a user study (N=22), participants played virtual reality games while responding to questions from their seatmates. We found that the avatar preserved game experiences yet did not support the fast identification of seatmates as the animoji did. Instead, users preferred the mixed visualization, where they found the seatmate's orientation cues instantly in their view and were gradually guided to the person's actual location. We discuss implications for fine-grained proxemic-aware virtual reality systems to support interaction in constrained social spaces.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{kontio_i_2023,

title = {“I Feel My Abs”: Exploring Non-Standing VR Locomotion},

author = {Reetu Kontio and Markus Laattala and Robin Welsch and Perttu Hämäläinen},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3611069},

doi = {10.1145/3611069},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-10-01},

journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.},

volume = {7},

number = {CHI PLAY},

abstract = {Virtual Reality (VR) games and experiences predominantly have the users interact while standing or seated. However, this only represents a fraction of the full diversity of human movement. In this paper, we explore a novel non-standing approach to VR locomotion where the user performs locomotion movements in the air or only slightly touching the ground with their feet. For instance, the user may lie supine on the ground, reminiscent of the Bicycle Crunch, a core training movement common in Pilates and other forms of bodyweight exercise. Although this cannot generally replace traditional VR locomotion, it provides two benefits that we believe can be of use for specific application domains such as VR exergames: First, the user's lower body movement is not impeded by a small real-life space, allowing versatile navigation of large virtual worlds using walking, running, strafing, and jumping. Second, we allow new ways to activate parts of the body that remain passive in most existing VR interactions. We describe and discuss four different variants of the approach, and investigate two prototypes further in a qualitative user study, to better understand their strengths, weaknesses, and application potential.},

note = {Place: New York, NY, USA 

Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chiossi_adapting_2023,

title = {Adapting Visual Complexity Based on Electrodermal Activity Improves Working Memory Performance in Virtual Reality},

author = {Francesco Chiossi and Yagiz Turgut and Robin Welsch and Sven Mayer},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3604243},

doi = {10.1145/3604243},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-09-01},

urldate = {2024-04-24},

journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},

volume = {7},

number = {MHCI},

pages = {196:1–196:26},

abstract = {Biocybernetic loops encompass users' state detection and system adaptation based on physiological signals. Current adaptive systems limit the adaptation to task features such as task difficulty or multitasking demands. However, virtual reality allows the manipulation of task-irrelevant elements in the environment. We present a physiologically adaptive system that adjusts the virtual environment based on physiological arousal, i.e., electrodermal activity. We conducted a user study with our adaptive system in social virtual reality to verify improved performance. Here, participants completed an n-back task, and we adapted the visual complexity of the environment by changing the number of non-player characters. Our results show that an adaptive virtual reality can control users' comfort, performance, and workload by adapting the visual complexity based on physiological arousal. Thus, our physiologically adaptive system improves task performance and perceived workload. Finally, we embed our findings in physiological computing and discuss applications in various scenarios.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{villa_societys_2023,

title = {Society's Attitudes Towards Human Augmentation and Performance Enhancement Technologies (SHAPE) Scale},

author = {Steeven Villa and Jasmin Niess and Albrecht Schmidt and Robin Welsch},

url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3610915},

doi = {10.1145/3610915},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-09-01},

journal = {Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol.},

volume = {7},

number = {3},

abstract = {Human augmentation technologies (ATs) are a subset of ubiquitous on-body devices designed to improve cognitive, sensory, and motor capacities. Although there is a large corpus of knowledge concerning ATs, less is known about societal attitudes towards them and how they shift over time. To that end, we developed The Society's Attitudes Towards Human Augmentation and Performance Enhancement Technologies (SHAPE) Scale, which measures how users of ATs are perceived. To develop the scale, we first created a list of possible scale items based on past work on how people respond to new technologies. The items were then reviewed by experts. Next, we performed exploratory factor analysis to reduce the scale to its final length of thirteen items. Subsequently, we confirmed test-retest validity of our instrument, as well as its construct validity. The SHAPE scale enables researchers and practitioners to understand elements contributing to attitudes toward augmentation technology users. The SHAPE scale assists designers of ATs in designing artifacts that will be more universally accepted.},

note = {Place: New York, NY, USA 

Publisher: Association for Computing Machinery},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{villa_placebo_2023,

title = {The placebo effect of human augmentation: Anticipating cognitive augmentation increases risk-taking behavior},

author = {Steeven Villa and Thomas Kosch and Felix Grelka and Albrecht Schmidt and Robin Welsch},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0747563223001383},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Computers in Human Behavior},

volume = {146},

pages = {107787},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_task-relevant_2023,

title = {Task-relevant social cues affect whole-body approach-avoidance behavior},

author = {Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht and John Stins},

url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-35033-7},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Scientific Reports},

volume = {13},

number = {1},

pages = {8568},

note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{kosch_placebo_2022,

title = {The Placebo Effect of Artificial Intelligence in Human–Computer Interaction},

author = {Thomas Kosch and Robin Welsch and Lewis Chuang and Albrecht Schmidt},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3529225},

doi = {10.1145/3529225},

issn = {1073-0516, 1557-7325},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-12-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction},

volume = {29},

number = {6},

pages = {1–32},

abstract = {In medicine, patients can obtain real benefits from a sham treatment. These benefits are known as the placebo effect. We report two experiments (Experiment I: N = 369; Experiment II: N = 100) demonstrating a placebo effect in adaptive interfaces. Participants were asked to solve word puzzles while being supported by no system or an adaptive AI interface. All participants experienced the same word puzzle difficulty and had no support from an AI throughout the experiments. Our results showed that the belief of receiving adaptive AI support increases expectations regarding the participant’s own task performance, sustained after interaction. These expectations were positively correlated to performance, as indicated by the number of solved word puzzles. We integrate our findings into technological acceptance theories and discuss implications for the future assessment of AI-based user interfaces and novel technologies. We argue that system descriptions can elicit placebo effects through user expectations biasing the results of user-centered studies.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{windl_saferhome_2022,

title = {SaferHome: Interactive Physical and Digital Smart Home Dashboards for Communicating Privacy Assessments to Owners and Bystanders},

author = {Maximiliane Windl and Alexander Hiesinger and Robin Welsch and Albrecht Schmidt and Sebastian S. Feger},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3567739},

doi = {10.1145/3567739},

issn = {2573-0142},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-11-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction},

volume = {6},

number = {ISS},

pages = {680–699},

abstract = {Private homes are increasingly becoming smart spaces. While smart homes promise comfort, they expose most intimate spaces to security and privacy risks. Unfortunately, most users today are not equipped with the right tools to assess the vulnerabilities or privacy practices of smart devices. Further, users might lose track of the devices installed in their homes or are unaware of devices placed by a partner or host. We developed SaferHome, an interactive digital-physical privacy framework, to provide smart home users with security and privacy assessments and a sense of device location. SaferHome includes a digital list view and physical and digital dashboards that map real floor plans. We evaluated SaferHome with eight households in the wild. We find that users adopted various strategies to integrate the dashboards into their understanding and interpretation of smart home privacy. We present implications for the design of future smart home privacy frameworks that are impacted by technical affinity, device types, device ownership, and tangibility of assessments.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{haliburton_feeling_2022,

title = {Feeling the Temperature of the Room: Unobtrusive Thermal Display of Engagement during Group Communication},

author = {Luke Haliburton and Svenja Yvonne Schött and Linda Hirsch and Robin Welsch and Albrecht Schmidt},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3580820},

doi = {10.1145/3580820},

issn = {2474-9567},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-03-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies},

volume = {7},

number = {1},

pages = {1–21},

abstract = {Thermal signals have been explored in HCI for emotion-elicitation and enhancing two-person communication, showing that temperature invokes social and emotional signals in individuals. Yet, extending these findings to group communication is missing. We investigated how thermal signals can be used to communicate group affective states in a hybrid meeting scenario to help people feel connected over a distance. We conducted a lab study (N=20 participants) and explored wrist-worn thermal feedback to communicate audience emotions. Our results show that thermal feedback is an effective method of conveying audience engagement without increasing workload and can help a presenter feel more in tune with the audience. We outline design implications for real-world wearable social thermal feedback systems for both virtual and in-person communication that support group affect communication and social connectedness. Thermal feedback has the potential to connect people across distances and facilitate more effective and dynamic communication in multiple contexts.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{wessels_adapting_2022,

title = {Adapting to the pandemic: longitudinal effects of social restrictions on time perception and boredom during the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany},

author = {Marlene Wessels and Nariman Utegaliyev and Christoph Bernhard and Robin Welsch and Daniel Oberfeld and Sven Thönes and Christoph Castell},

url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05495-2},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Scientific reports},

volume = {12},

number = {1},

pages = {1863},

note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{chiossi_virtual_2022,

title = {Virtual reality adaptation using electrodermal activity to support the user experience},

author = {Francesco Chiossi and Robin Welsch and Steeven Villa and Lewis Chuang and Sven Mayer},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2504-2289/6/2/55},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Big Data and Cognitive Computing},

volume = {6},

number = {2},

pages = {55},

note = {Publisher: MDPI},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_testretest_2021,

title = {Test–Retest Reliability and Temporal Agreement of Direct and Indirect Sexual Interest Measures},

author = {Robin Welsch and Alexander F. Schmidt and Daniel Turner and Martin Rettenberger},

url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1079063220904354},

doi = {10.1177/1079063220904354},

issn = {1079-0632, 1573-286X},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-04-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Sexual Abuse},

volume = {33},

number = {3},

pages = {339–360},

abstract = {The Explicit and Implicit Sexual Interest Profile (EISIP) is a multimethod measure of sexual interest in children and adults. It combines indirect latency-based measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), Viewing Time (VT), and explicit self-report measures. This study examined test–retest reliability and absolute temporal agreement of the EISIP over a 2-week interval in persons who were convicted of sexual offenses against children ( n = 33) and nonoffending controls ( n = 48). Test–retest reliability of the aggregated EISIP measures was high across the whole sample ( r 

 tt = .90, intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = .90) with the IAT yielding the lowest retest correlations ( r 

 tt = .66},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{hirsch_see_2021,

title = {To See or Not to See: Exploring Inattentional Blindness for the Design of Unobtrusive Interfaces in Shared Public Places},

author = {Linda Hirsch and Christina Schneegass and Robin Welsch and Andreas Butz},

url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3448123},

doi = {10.1145/3448123},

issn = {2474-9567},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-03-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies},

volume = {5},

number = {1},

pages = {1–25},

abstract = {People visit public places with different intentions and motivations. While some explore it carefully, others may just want to pass or are otherwise engaged. We investigate how to exploit the inattentional blindness (IB) of indirect users in the design of public interfaces to apply to such diverse needs. Beginning with a structured literature study in the ACM Digital Library on IB, we analyzed 135 publications to derive design strategies that benefit from IB or avoid IB. Using these findings, we selected three existing interfaces for information presentation on a large public square and created two additional interfaces ourselves. We then compared users' perceptions through a self-reported photography study (N = 40). Participants followed one of four scripted profiles to imitate different user intentions, two for direct and two for indirect users. We hypothesized that direct users would recognize the interfaces, while indirect users would experience IB and ignore them. Our results show that direct users reported up to 68% of our interfaces, whereas indirect users noticed only 16%. Thus, IB can be exploited to hide interfaces from indirect users while keeping them noticeable to direct users.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_physical_2021,

title = {Physical distancing and the perception of interpersonal distance in the COVID-19 crisis},

author = {Robin Welsch and Marlene Wessels and Christoph Bernhard and Sven Thönes and Christoph Castell},

url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90714-5},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Scientific reports},

volume = {11},

number = {1},

pages = {11485},

note = {Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK London},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_interpersonal_2020-1,

title = {Interpersonal Distance in the SARS-CoV-2 Crisis},

author = {Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht and Lewis Chuang and Christoph Von Castell},

url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0018720820956858},

doi = {10.1177/0018720820956858},

issn = {0018-7208, 1547-8181},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-11-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society},

volume = {62},

number = {7},

pages = {1095–1101},

abstract = {Background 

 Mandatory rules for social distancing to curb the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic require individuals to maintain a critical interpersonal distance above 1.5 m. However, this contradicts our natural preference, which is closer to 1 m for non-intimate encounters, for example, when asking a stranger for directions. 

 Objective 

 This review addresses how humans typically regulate interpersonal distances, in order to highlight the challenges of enforcing atypically large interpersonal distances. 

 Method 

 To understand the challenges posed by social distancing requirements, we integrate relevant contributions from visual perception, social perception, and human factors. 

 Results 

 To date, research on preferred interpersonal distances suggests that social distancing could induce discomfort, heighten arousal, and decrease social signaling in the short term. While the protracted effects of social distancing are unclear, we propose hypotheses on the mid- to long-term consequences of violating preferred norms of interpersonal distances. 

 Conclusion 

 We suggest that enforcing a physical distance of 1.5–2 m presents a serious challenge to behavioral norms. 

 Application 

 We address how notifications, architectural design, and visualizations could be effectively applied to promote interpersonal distance requirements.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gregorio_hertz_klinisch-forensische_2020-1,

title = {Die klinisch-forensische Bedeutung des Selbstregulationsmodells sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit bei pädosexuellen Straftaten},

author = {Priscilla Gregório Hertz and Martin Rettenberger and Robin Welsch and Daniel Turner},

url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11757-020-00614-z},

doi = {10.1007/s11757-020-00614-z},

issn = {1862-7072, 1862-7080},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-08-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie},

volume = {14},

number = {3},

pages = {336–343},

abstract = {Zusammenfassung 

 Das Selbstregulationsmodell sexueller Rückfälligkeit („self-regulation model of the relapse process“, SRM) stellt eine Theorie zur Ätiologie sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit dar, bei der sexuell motivierte Straftaten und Täter unterschiedlichen Rückfallpfaden und Entscheidungswegen zugeordnet werden, von denen aus wiederum auf individuelle Motive, Defizite und Ressourcen geschlossen werden kann. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde eine Stichprobe von 

 N = 68 Männern, die mindestens eine sexuell motivierte Straftat gegen Kinder begangen haben, in Bezug auf die SRM-Typologisierung beurteilt und hinsichtlich verschiedener klinischer, demografischer und kriminologischer Merkmale verglichen. Unter Verwendung des SRM konnten 25 % ( 

 n = 17) dem annähernd-expliziten, 25 % ( 

 n = 17) dem vermeidend-passiven, 22,1 % ( 

 n = 15) dem annähernd-automatischen und 13,2 % ( 

 n = 9) dem vermeidend-aktiven Rückfallpfad zugeordnet werden. Männer mit Annäherungszielen wiesen im Vergleich zu denen mit Vermeidungszielen höhere Werte im Static-99 und ein entsprechend höheres Rückfallrisiko auf. Außerdem wurde bei Männern mit Annäherungszielen häufiger die Diagnose einer Pädophilie gestellt. Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Hinweise dafür, dass das SRM ein nützliches theoretisches Modell sein kann, um Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Männern, die aufgrund eines Kindesmissbrauchsdelikt verurteilt wurden, aufzudecken. 

 , 

 Abstract 

 The self-regulation model of the offense and relapse process (SRM) represents a theoretical approach to explain and assess the process of sexual delinquency and recidivism. According to this model, sexual offenses and offenders can be categorized into four different recidivism pathways, which are described by individual motives, deficits and resources recognized throughout the relapse process. In the present study, a sample of 

 N = 68 men who were convicted of at least 1 sexual offense against child victims were assessed regarding the offense pathways of the SRM and compared with respect to clinical, demographic and criminological features. The results showed that 25% ( 

 n = 17) of the sample were allocated to the approach-explicit, 25% ( 

 n = 17) to the avoiding-passive, 22.1% ( 

 n = 15) to the approach-automatic, and 13.2% ( 

 n = 9) to the avoiding-active pathway. Men with approach goals showed higher scores in Static-99 and therefore a higher recidivism risk for sexual offenses than men with avoidance goals. Furthermore, men with an approach goal were more often diagnosed with a pedophilic disorder. The results of the present study provide first indicators that the SRM can be a useful theoretical model to detect similarities between men who were convicted of sexual abuse crimes with children.},

note = {Publisher: Springer},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_body_2020,

title = {Body image avoidance affects interpersonal distance perception: A virtual environment experiment},

author = {Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht and David R. Kolar and Michael Witthöft and Tanja Legenbauer},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/erv.2715},

doi = {10.1002/erv.2715},

issn = {1072-4133, 1099-0968},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-05-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {European Eating Disorders Review},

volume = {28},

number = {3},

pages = {282–295},

abstract = {Abstract 

 Objective 

 Eating disorders have a considerable influence on social contacts. The avoidance towards the own body may result in the avoidance of others. Previous research has found a preference for larger interaction distances in individuals with eating disorders (ED) as compared to control participants (CG). We aimed to replicate these findings and to investigate whether the body weight of the interactant moderates the effect. 

 Method 

 We recruited a female sample with mixed ED subtypes ( 

 n = 21) and a female CG ( 

 n = 28). Participants were immersed in a virtual environment and engaged in a number of fictitious social interactions. They approached a virtual person until a comfortable distance for interaction was reached. The approached virtual persons differed with respect to body weight in five levels (underweight to obese). 

 Results 

 Our results indicate that interpersonal distance varies as a U‐shaped function of the avatar's body weight, and that higher levels of body avoidance, present in ED individuals, magnify this effect. 

 Conclusions 

 We discuss our results with regard to the role of perspective and disgust to provide a useful framework and to motivate future studies in the domain of body avoidance in social interactions.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_interpersonal_2020,

title = {Interpersonal Distance Regulation and Approach-Avoidance Reactions Are Altered in Psychopathy},

author = {Robin Welsch and Christoph Von Castell and Heiko Hecht},

url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702619869336},

doi = {10.1177/2167702619869336},

issn = {2167-7026, 2167-7034},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-03-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Clinical Psychological Science},

volume = {8},

number = {2},

pages = {211–225},

abstract = {In this study, we examined the impact of psychopathy on approach-avoidance reactions and interpersonal distance (IPD) in response to social cues. We selected a student sample and measured psychopathy via self-report. Participants were immersed in a virtual environment in which a virtual person displayed either angry or happy facial expressions. In the first experiment, participants had to walk toward the virtual person until a comfortable IPD had been reached. In the second experiment, participants had to push or pull a joystick in response to the facial expression of the virtual person. Our results suggest that psychopathy does not change average IPD but does impair its regulation. That is, the facial expression of the avatar no longer modulated IPD in participants with psychopathic traits to the extent that it did in participants with fewer psychopathic traits. The speed of the approach and avoidance reactions is altered in psychopathy when confronted with social cues.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_sexual_2020,

title = {Sexual attraction modulates interpersonal distance and approach-avoidance movements towards virtual agents in males},

author = {Robin Welsch and Christoph Castell and Martin Rettenberger and Daniel Turner and Heiko Hecht and Peter Fromberger},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231539},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {PloS one},

volume = {15},

number = {4},

pages = {e0231539},

note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{gregorio_hertz_klinisch-forensische_2020,

title = {Die klinisch-forensische Bedeutung des Selbstregulationsmodells sexueller Delinquenz und Rückfälligkeit bei pädosexuellen Straftaten},

author = {Priscilla Gregório Hertz and Martin Rettenberger and Robin Welsch and Daniel Turner},

url = {https://krimpub.krimz.de/files/179/Greg%C3%B3rioHertz_et_al_FPPK2020.pdf},

year  = {2020},

date = {2020-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie},

volume = {14},

number = {3},

pages = {336–343},

note = {Publisher: Springer},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{hecht_shape_2019,

title = {The shape of personal space},

author = {Heiko Hecht and Robin Welsch and Jana Viehoff and Matthew R. Longo},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001691818302026},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Acta psychologica},

volume = {193},

pages = {113–122},

note = {Publisher: Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_anisotropy_2019,

title = {The anisotropy of personal space},

author = {Robin Welsch and Christoph Castell and Heiko Hecht},

url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0217587},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {PLoS One},

volume = {14},

number = {6},

pages = {e0217587},

note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{welsch_psychopathy_2018,

title = {Psychopathy and the Regulation of Interpersonal Distance},

author = {Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht and Christoph Von Castell},

url = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2167702618788874},

doi = {10.1177/2167702618788874},

issn = {2167-7026, 2167-7034},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-11-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Clinical Psychological Science},

volume = {6},

number = {6},

pages = {835–847},

abstract = {Psychopathic traits are often associated with interpersonal and affective deficits. This study examined the impact of psychopathy on judgments of comfortable egocentric interpersonal distance (Experiment 1) and exocentric interpersonal distance (Experiment 2). We selected a student sample and measured psychopathy via self-report. To study spatial behavior under highly controlled conditions, these participants were immersed in a virtual environment. In Experiment 1, they approached a virtual person with angry or happy facial expression until a comfortable distance for conversation was reached. In Experiment 2, participants adjusted a comfortable distance between two avatars. Our results suggest that psychopathy alters the regulation of interpersonal distance with respect to facial expression of the approached as well as between avatars of mixed sex.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{von_castell_cognitive_2018,

title = {Cognitive performance and emotion are indifferent to ambient color},

author = {Christoph Castell and Daniela Stelzmann and Daniel Oberfeld and Robin Welsch and Heiko Hecht},

url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/col.22168},

doi = {10.1002/col.22168},

issn = {1520-6378},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2024-04-24},

journal = {Color Research & Application},

volume = {43},

number = {1},

pages = {65–74},

abstract = {Folklore has it that ambient color has the power to relax or arouse the observer and enhance performance when executing cognitive tasks. We picked a number of commercially available colors that allegedly have the power to alter cognitive performance and the emotional state, and exposed subjects to them while solving a battery of cognitive tasks. The colors were “Cool Down Pink”, which is said to produce relaxing effects and reduce effort, “Energy Red”, allegedly enhancing performance via increased arousal, “Relaxing Blue”, which is said to enhance attention and concentration, as well as white as a control. In a between-subjects design, a total of 170 high school students carried out five tasks (number series completion, mental rotation, and memory for word categories, word pairs, and geometrical figures) while exposed to one of the four colors. The emotional state of the subjects was measured before the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The ambient colors did not have the predicted effects, neither on cognitive performance nor on the emotional state of the participants.},

note = {_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/col.22168},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{turner_response_2018,

title = {Response inhibition and impulsive decision-making in sexual offenders against children.},

author = {Daniel Turner and Christian Laier and Matthias Brand and Tamara Bockshammer and Robin Welsch and Martin Rettenberger},

url = {https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-25742-001},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

urldate = {2023-10-18},

journal = {Journal of abnormal psychology},

volume = {127},

number = {5},

pages = {471},

note = {Publisher: American Psychological Association},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}